Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Lecture Test 1 > Spinal Cord > Flashcards

Spinal Cord Flashcards

1
Q

What is the annulus fibrosus?

A

The outer layer of a intervertebral disc made up of dense collagen that has nerve and blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus?

A

The inner layer of an intervertebral disc that has no nerve or blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Water covers what percentage of the nucleus pulposus?

A

80%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the nucleus pulposus degenerated from?

A

The notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Is it easy for the nucleus pulposus to heal after injury?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the ligamenta flava?

A

A pair of small ligaments that connect the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the relation between ligamenta flava and spinal stenosis?

A

As we age or due to certain degenerative conditions, the ligamentum flavum can thicken or hypertrophy. This thickening can contribute to the narrowing of the spinal canal, which is known as spinal stenosis. This can compress the spinal cord or spinal nerves, leading to symptoms such as pain, numbness, or weakness in the limbs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What movement can decrease the compression from spinal stenosis?

A

Flexion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Facet joint hypertrophy is often caused by what?

A

Degenerative changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Facet joint hypertrophy causes what issue?

A

Nerve root impingement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the difference between a central (spinal stenosis) disc herniation and a paracentral (root impingement) disc herniation)

A

A central disc herniation occurs when the disc material protrudes directly backward into the spinal canal. This can put pressure on the spinal cord itself, potentially leading to symptoms like numbness, weakness, or even loss of bowel or bladder control if severe.

A paracentral disc herniation, is when the disc material protrudes off to one side of the midline. This generally affects one or more nerve roots, rather than the spinal cord itself. Symptoms typically include radicular pain (pain that radiates along the course of a nerve), numbness, and weakness in the distribution of the affected nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the different types and grades of a disc herniation?

A
  1. Buldge: (Least severe) you can preform traction on this/ McKenzie extension
  2. Protrusion: The annulus fibrosus remains intact, but bulges outward, causing the disc to be asymmetrical. You can preform traction on this/ McKenzie extension
  3. Extrusion: The annulus fibrosus is disrupted and disc material bulges out further, but it remains connected to the disc.
  4. Sequestration: (Most severe) Disc material breaks through the annulus fibrosus and moves away from the disc into the spinal canal.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The nervous system has two main branches. What are they?

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS)
  2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

*Both have afferent and efferent components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

Information is flowing in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does efferent mean?

A

information is being issued out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In the peripheral nervous system there is an afferent branch and an efferent branch, what are they each responsible for?

A

Afferent: Sensory
Efferent: Motor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Sensory (afferent) nerves transmit impulses where?

A

From sensory receptors towards the CNS

18
Q

Motor (efferent) nerves transmit impulses where?

A

Away from the CNS towards the rest of the body

19
Q

Efferent nerves break into two categories, what are they and what do they support?

A
  1. Somatic (voluntary): skeletal muscles
  2. Visceral (involuntary): cardiac and smooth muscle
20
Q

Visceral motor nerves can be further split into two final categories, what are they and what do they do?

A
  1. Sympathetic: mobilizes body into action (fight/flight)
  2. Parasympathetic: relaxes body (rest/digest)
21
Q

What are the functional units of the nervous system in the CNS? (5)

A
  1. Neuron: cell body, axon, dendrites
  2. Astrocyte: support, regulate ions, exchange of material between neurons and capillaries
  3. Microglia: defend, immune defense against invading microorganisms
  4. Oligodendrocyte: Myelin Sheath: wrap and insulate, form myelin sheath
  5. Ependymal Cells: line cavities, create, secrete, and circulate cerebrospinal fluid
22
Q

What are the functional units of the nervous system in the PNS? (3)

A
  1. Neuron
  2. Satellite Cell: surround neuron cell bodies
  3. Schwann Cell: insulate, help form myelin sheath
23
Q

The spinal cord is developed from what?

A

the neural tube

24
Q

Is the dorsal horn responsible for sensory or motor responses?

A

Sensory

25
Q

Is the ventral horn responsible for sensory or motor responses?

A

Motor

26
Q

Is the gray matter myelinated?

A

No

27
Q

What makes up the intermedial lateral horn?

A

T1-L2: Sympathetic
Sacral S2-S4: Parasympathetic

28
Q

Is white matter myelinated?

A

Yes

29
Q

What flows through the central canal of the spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) - nutrition and protection

30
Q

Where does the spinal cord initiate?

A

The Foramen magnum

31
Q

Where does the spinal cord end?

A

T12-L2

32
Q

What does conus medullaris mean?

A

cone shape at the end of spinal cord

33
Q

What does cauda equina mean?

A

horse tail

34
Q

List the protective structures of the spinal cord in order from most superficial to deepest.

A
  1. Dura Mater: (Superficial) thick and strong
  2. Arachnoid Mater: (Middle) spider web like
  3. Pia Mater: (Deepest) directly around the spinal cord
35
Q

What specialized ligament is associated with the dura mater?

A

Filum terminale externum

36
Q

What specialized ligaments are associated with the pia mater? (2)

A
  1. Denticulate ligament
  2. Filum terminale internum
37
Q

Where is the epidural space?

A

Between the dura and vertebral bony wall

38
Q

Where is the subdural space?

A

Between the dura and arachnoid mater, potential space

39
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

40
Q

In the spinal cord there are two enlargements. What are they and what do they contain?

A
  1. Cervical enlargement: cervical plexus and brachial plexus
  2. Lumbosacral enlargement: lumbar plexus and sacral plexus

Anatomy Lecture Test 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions