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Anatomy Lecture Test 1 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of “cytology”?

A

Study of the fundamental units of life

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2
Q

What are the two characteristics of life?

A

Metabolism and reproduction

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3
Q

Somatic cells are responsible for…

A

metabolism

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4
Q

Sex cells (sperm and egg) are responsible for…

A

reproduction

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5
Q

What is considered the basic functional unit?

A

a cell

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6
Q

What is a somatic cell?

A

any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells

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7
Q

How does stability work in regard to the cellular membrane?

A
  1. It is due to the phospholipid bilayer
    - The hydrophilic (water-loving) head faces outward towards the watery environment while the hydrophobic (water-fearing) tails face each other
    - The cholesterol also helps stabilize by preventing the creation of fatty acid chains
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8
Q

How does mobility work in regard to the cellular membrane?

A
  1. Mobility allows for the cellular membrane to change shape which helps with cell division, movement, and endocytosis
    - Proteins are also constantly moving in the cellular membrane creating channels for ions to pass through, transporting molecules, and being receptors for signals
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9
Q

What does the cellular skeleton do?

A

Made up of microfilaments and microtubules to hold shape

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10
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

Contains DNA and genetic material (chromosomes), nucleolus is also in this area and it produces ribosomes

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11
Q

What does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

HAS ribosomes attached to it and transports material

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12
Q

What does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum do?

A

Does NOT have ribosomes attached to it and transports material

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13
Q

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

A

Receives proteins from endoplasmic reticulum and forms them into something the cell can use

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14
Q

What do centrioles do?

A

Organizing microtubules that serve as the cell’s skeletal system

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15
Q

What do lysosomes/peroxisomes do?

A

Lysosomes degrade molecules and peroxisomes convert H2O2 into water and oxygen

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16
Q

What do the mitochondria do?

A

These are the powerhouse of the cell and create ATP (energy).
They aid in respiration and energy production and contain DNA

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17
Q

Describe the stages of mitosis (the process from diploid to diploid).

A
  1. Interphase - preparation for mitosis
  2. Prophase - Chromosomes condensed and visible
  3. Metaphase - Chromosomes in the middle of the cell
  4. Anaphase - Sister chromatids pulled apart by spindle fibers
  5. Telophase - Chromosomes on opposite ends, two nuclei forming
  6. Cytokinesis- The cytoplasm of the cell divides, and two identical sets of chromosomes formed (two daughter cells)
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18
Q

What cells go through mitosis?

A

Somatic cells

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19
Q

What cells go through meiosis?

A

Sex cells

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20
Q

What is a diploid cell or organism?

A

An organism or cell contains two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

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21
Q

What is a haploid cell or organism?

A

An organism or cell that contains just one set of chromosomes

22
Q

What happens when sperm and egg merge?

A

They create a diploid zygote with a complete set of chromosomes, half from each parent

23
Q

How long does it take for an egg to form versus a sperm cell?

A

Egg - 14 days
Sperm - 64 Days

24
Q

Describe the steps in meiosis reproduction…

A

Meiosis 1
1. Prophase 1: chromosomes condense, and homologous chromosomes (pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent) come together
2. Metaphase 1: chromosomes align at the center
3. Anaphase 1: chromosomes are pulled towards opposite ends of the cells
4. Telophase 1 and Cytokinesis: cytoplasm divides creating two cells

Meiosis 2
1. Prophase 2: new spindles form in each new cell
2. Metaphase 2: chromosomes align at metaphase plate
3. Anaphase 2: sister chromatids separated and moved to edge
4. Telophase 2 and Cytokinesis: chromosomes decondensed and cytoplasm divides

25
Q

What happens during the first week of embryonic development?

A
  1. Fertilization
    - cleavage: equal distribution of cytoplasm from 2 to 8 cells
    - mainly replication
  2. Blastocyst
    - unequal distribution of cytoplasm
    - the start of differentiation

Cleavage (single-cell zygote dividing - mitosis) –> Morula (solid ball of cells) –> Blastocyst –> Implant Blastocyst in endometrium at day 6 with help of trophoblast cells

26
Q

What happens during the second week of embryonic development?

A
  1. Implantation
    - trophoblast cells invade the endometrium and help to implant the blastocyst
    - trophoblast start to recruit cells for blood vessels to form the placenta
  2. Inner cell mass develops into epiblast and hypoblast

*30% of blastocysts fail to implant in the 1st 2 weeks

27
Q

What is the difference between epiblast and hypoblast?

A

Epiblast: forms tissues and organs
- a layer of cells on the dorsal side of blastocyst
- can form into any cell type in the body
- give rise to ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
Hypoblast: supports developing embryo
- layer of cells on the ventral side of blastocyst
- form the yolk sac and amnion

28
Q

What happens during the third week of embryo development?

A
  1. Formation of the placenta
  2. Gastrulation: when the epiblast glides against the hypoblast it forms 3 germ layers
    - Ectoderm: forms the skin and nervous system
    - Mesoderm: forms the muscles, bones, and circulatory system
    - Endoderm: forms the lining of the digestive and respiratory systems, and makes up organs like the liver and pancreas
  3. Formation of the notochord: start EMBRYO phase
29
Q

What is the notochord?

A

A rod-like structure for the development of the axial skeleton that also helps in the creation of the neural tube

30
Q

What happens during the fourth week of embryonic development?

A
  1. Establishment of body planes
  2. Formation of somites: mesoderm, notochord as the axis
    - somites expand fast and results to the folding of ectoderm to form the neural tube
    - the dorsal somite gives ride to the sclerotome and dermomyotome
31
Q

True or False: muscles and bones develop independently and have no origin or insertion at the beginning

A

True

32
Q

The sclerotome is located on the _____ side of the somite.

A

ventromedial

33
Q

The dermomyotome is located on the ____ side of the somite

A

dorsolateral

34
Q

Somites are formed by the _____.

A

Mesoderm

35
Q

The neural tube is formed by the ______.

A

Ectoderm

36
Q

Where does the closure of the neural tube initiate and at what point?

A

At the cervical region at week 4

37
Q

What happens when the caudal neuropore does not close? (opening at the end of the developing neural tube)

A

Spina bifida

38
Q

What happens when the cranial/ rostral neuropore does not close? (opening at the top of the developing neural tube)

A

Acephaly

39
Q

Does the neural tube come from the CNS or PNS?

A

CNS

40
Q

Does the neural tube have motor or sensory neurons?

A

Motor

41
Q

Describe the motor neurons in the neural tube…

A
  • the somatic axons expand outwards to somites
  • visceral motor axons expand to visceral motor ganglia
42
Q

Does the neural crest originate from the CNS or PNS?

A

PNS

43
Q

Describe the sensory neurons in the neural crest…

A
  • somatic sensory neurons: axons expanding into both the neural tube and somites
  • autonomic nervous system: visceral motor ganglia
44
Q

What limb is formed first in the fetus?

A

Upper

45
Q

Myotomes and dermatomes change with _______.

A

rotation of the limbs during development

46
Q

An embryo is almost fully formed at ___ weeks.

A

9

47
Q

During development, the upper extremity and lower extremity can move into what positions?

A

Upper: anatomic position - still segmental distribution
Lower: fixed-torsional alignment

48
Q

True or false: dermatomes have huge variations among the population and even in right and left in the same individual?

A

True

49
Q

What are the five critical stages of development?

A
  • Week 1: fertilization and formation of blastocysts
  • Week 2: implantation and formation of epi/hypoblast
  • Week 3: formation of placenta and gastrulation - EMBRYO
  • Week 4: complete blue prints, primitive organs nonfunctional
  • Week 9: FETUS, primitive organs, partially functional
50
Q

What are the four types of tissues?

A
  1. Muscle
    - cardiac
    - skeletal
    - smooth
  2. Epithelial
    - skin
  3. Nerve
    - brain
    - spinal cord
    - nerves
  4. Connective
    - tendons
    - bone
    - fat

Anatomy Lecture Test 1 (6 decks)

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