SPINAL AND EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA Flashcards
Spinal anesthesia/_______________ :
the injection of small amounts of LAs into the (______) at the level ____________ ,where the ________________ , anaesthesia of the _____________ part below the __________ is achieved
Subarachnoid block
CSF; below (L1)
spinal cord ends
lower body; umbilicus
SAB produces (few or many?) adverse effects on the respiratory system as long as ________________ are avoided.
Few
unduly high blocks
The costs associated with SAB are (minimal or maximal?) .
Minimal
In SAB, As ________________ is not compromised, there is a reduced risk of airway obstruction or the aspiration of gastric contents.
control of the airway
SAB provides _______ muscle relaxation for __________ and __________ surgery.
excellent
lower abdominal and lower limb
With SAB, Blood loss during operation is (more or less ?)than when the same operation is done under general anaesthesia.
Less
Splanchnic blood flow.
Because of its effect on ____easing blood flow to the gut, spinal anaesthesia reduces the incidence of ________________.
incr
anastomotic dehiscence
Visceral tone. The bowel is ________ by SAB and sphincters ______ although ________ continues. Normal gut function rapidly returns following surgery.
contracted ; relaxed; peristalsis
Coagulation.
Post-operative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli are (more or less?) common following spinal anaesthesia.
Less
Indications for SAB
Operations below the ______________ : hernia repairs, gynaecological and urological operations
Any operation in the _________ or __________
umbilicus
perineum or genitalia
Indications for SAB
All operations on the _____ except for _____________ which is possible but an unpleasant experience for an awake px so here the px is anaesthetized with _______ and sedation with _____
leg
limb amputation
SAB
GA
Indications of SAB
Special indications
________
_______________ dx hepatic, renal and endocrine dx ( DM )
Most patients with ________ diseases except for ______________ dxs and _______________.
Elderly
Chronic systemic
mild cardiac
stenotic valvular
uncontrolled HTN.
Contra-indications
Patient _________
_____________ patients: like young children and psychiatric or mentally handicapped pxs
________ diseases : as bleeding from ________________ is common , pxs with low platelet count or those on anticoagulant drugs (heparin + warfarin ) are at high risk of __________ formation.
refusal
Uncooperative
Clotting; ruptured peridural vein
hematoma
Contra-indications for SAB
Hypovolaemia: As SAB has marked _____tensive effects, hypovolaemic patients must be adequately __________ and __________
Septicemia: leading to __________ and ________
hypo; rehydrated and resuscitated
CSF infection and meningitis
Contra-indications for SAB
_____________ (relative contraindication)
as it will probably only serve to make the dural puncture more difficult.
Anatomical deformities
Contra-indications for SAB
______________ disease. Any worsening of the dx postoperatively may be blamed erroneously on the SAB.
Inadequate ____________ and ______________
Neurological
resuscitative drugs and equipment for GA
No regional anaesthetic technique should be attempted if ___________________________________ are not immediately available
drugs and equipment for resuscitation and GA
Local anaesthetics for SAB
LA agents are either ______ ,_______, or __________
hyper- ,hypo- or isobaric.
Hyperbaric agents tend to spread (above or below?) the level of injection and they are _____________, that’s why they are preferred over iso- and hypobaric agents.
Below
easier to predict
Local anesthetics for SAB
Bupivacaine ( ___________ ): ____% _______________________ is the best
____% _____________________ is also popular
Marcaine; 0.5
hyperbaric bupivacaine
0.5; isobaric bupivacaine
Local anaesthetic for SAB (Lidocaine)
Lidocaine ([___________): ___% _____baric lidocaine lasts ____________
——% lidocaine can be used but as a much (shorter or longer ?)duration of action
0.2mls of ————- 1:1000 + lidocaine will _______ the duration of action
Xylocaine; 5; hyper
45-90 mins
2; shorter; adrenaline; prolong
Lidocaine from ( multi dose vials ) should not be used ___________ally as they contain ___________________________.
intrathecally
potentially harmful preservatives
Factors affecting the spread of local anaesthetic solutions in CSF
The ________ of the local anesthetic solution The _________ of the patient
The _________ of injection
The _________ of injection
baricity
position
level
speed
Factors affecting the spread of local anaesthetic solutions in CSF
Obesity: as increase in ____________ decreases the ________________ , so doses must be ________
Pregnancy: increase in ____________ leading to increase in ______________ leading to less _________________ and _____ doses.
intra-abdominal pressure
subarachnoid space; reduced
intra-abdominal pressure; peridural veins filling
subarachnoid space; less