SPINAL AND EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal anesthesia/_______________ :
the injection of small amounts of LAs into the (______) at the level ____________ ,where the ________________ , anaesthesia of the _____________ part below the __________ is achieved

A

Subarachnoid block

CSF; below (L1)

spinal cord ends

lower body; umbilicus

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2
Q

SAB produces (few or many?) adverse effects on the respiratory system as long as ________________ are avoided.

A

Few

unduly high blocks

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3
Q

The costs associated with SAB are (minimal or maximal?) .

A

Minimal

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4
Q

In SAB, As ________________ is not compromised, there is a reduced risk of airway obstruction or the aspiration of gastric contents.

A

control of the airway

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5
Q

SAB provides _______ muscle relaxation for __________ and __________ surgery.

A

excellent

lower abdominal and lower limb

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6
Q

With SAB, Blood loss during operation is (more or less ?)than when the same operation is done under general anaesthesia.

A

Less

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7
Q

Splanchnic blood flow.
Because of its effect on ____easing blood flow to the gut, spinal anaesthesia reduces the incidence of ________________.

A

incr

anastomotic dehiscence

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8
Q

Visceral tone. The bowel is ________ by SAB and sphincters ______ although ________ continues. Normal gut function rapidly returns following surgery.

A

contracted ; relaxed; peristalsis

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9
Q

Coagulation.

Post-operative deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary emboli are (more or less?) common following spinal anaesthesia.

A

Less

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10
Q

Indications for SAB

Operations below the ______________ : hernia repairs, gynaecological and urological operations

Any operation in the _________ or __________

A

umbilicus

perineum or genitalia

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11
Q

Indications for SAB

All operations on the _____ except for _____________ which is possible but an unpleasant experience for an awake px so here the px is anaesthetized with _______ and sedation with _____

A

leg

limb amputation

SAB

GA

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12
Q

Indications of SAB

Special indications
—________
_______________ dx hepatic, renal and endocrine dx ( DM )
— Most patients with ________ diseases except for ______________ dxs and _______________.

A

Elderly

— Chronic systemic

mild cardiac

stenotic valvular

uncontrolled HTN.

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13
Q

Contra-indications
Patient _________

_____________ patients: like young children and psychiatric or mentally handicapped pxs
________ diseases : as bleeding from ________________ is common , pxs with low platelet count or those on anticoagulant drugs (heparin + warfarin ) are at high risk of __________ formation.

A

refusal

Uncooperative

Clotting; ruptured peridural vein

hematoma

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14
Q

Contra-indications for SAB

Hypovolaemia: As SAB has marked _____tensive effects, hypovolaemic patients must be adequately __________ and __________

Septicemia: leading to __________ and ________

A

hypo; rehydrated and resuscitated

CSF infection and meningitis

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15
Q

Contra-indications for SAB

_____________ (relative contraindication)
as it will probably only serve to make the dural puncture more difficult.

A

Anatomical deformities

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16
Q

Contra-indications for SAB

______________ disease. Any worsening of the dx postoperatively may be blamed erroneously on the SAB.

Inadequate ____________ and ______________

A

Neurological

resuscitative drugs and equipment for GA

17
Q

No regional anaesthetic technique should be attempted if ___________________________________ are not immediately available

A

drugs and equipment for resuscitation and GA

18
Q

Local anaesthetics for SAB

LA agents are either ______ ,_______, or __________

A

hyper- ,hypo- or isobaric.

19
Q

Hyperbaric agents tend to spread (above or below?) the level of injection and they are _____________, that’s why they are preferred over iso- and hypobaric agents.

A

Below

easier to predict

20
Q

Local anesthetics for SAB
—
Bupivacaine ( ___________ ): ____% _______________________ is the best
—
____% _____________________ is also popular

A

Marcaine; 0.5

hyperbaric bupivacaine

0.5; isobaric bupivacaine

21
Q

Local anaesthetic for SAB (Lidocaine)
—
Lidocaine ([___________): ___% _____baric lidocaine lasts ____________
—
——% lidocaine can be used but as a much (shorter or longer ?)duration of action
—
0.2mls of ————- 1:1000 + lidocaine will _______ the duration of action
—

A

Xylocaine; 5; hyper

45-90 mins

2; shorter; adrenaline; prolong

22
Q

Lidocaine from ( multi dose vials ) should not be used ___________ally as they contain ___________________________.

A

intrathecally

potentially harmful preservatives

23
Q

Factors affecting the spread of local anaesthetic solutions in CSF

The ________ of the local anesthetic solution The _________ of the patient
The _________ of injection
The _________ of injection

A

baricity

position

level

speed

24
Q

Factors affecting the spread of local anaesthetic solutions in CSF

Obesity: as increase in ____________ decreases the ________________ , so doses must be ________

Pregnancy: increase in ____________ leading to increase in ______________ leading to less _________________ and _____ doses.

A

intra-abdominal pressure

subarachnoid space; reduced

intra-abdominal pressure; peridural veins filling

subarachnoid space; less

25
How to perform the spinal injection It is a ________ procedure! _______ the patient’s back with ________ Locate a suitable _____________________ Raise an ____________________ at proposed puncture site Insert the needle When ——— appears then slowly inject the local anaesthetic
sterile; Clean; antiseptic inter-spinous space intradermal wheal of LA agent CSF
26
Spinal anaesthesia Insert the needle: the structures that will be passed: List them all!!
skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, dura mater
27
Complications of spinal anaesthesia ______tension: due to vaso_______ and a functional _____ease in the effective circulating volume. ___________ (PDPH): within ______ and may last for __________
Hypo; dilatation; decrease Headache 12-24hrs; 1 week
28
Fix for hypotension in spinal anesthesia By giving ———- and oxygen mask _______ the ______: simple and effective Increase the _______ of IV infusion: until the blood pressure is restored Vaso____________ – _________ , ________ With concomitant ______cardia, give ________
fluids ;Raising ; legs speed; Vasoconstrictor phenylephrine ; ephedrine bradycardia ; atropine
29
Fix for Headache (PDPH) in Spinal Anaesthesia Occurs following use of ___________ needles and ______ gauge spinal needles It is __________ and it is often ________ associated with a _____________, nausea, vomiting, dizziness and photophobia Ask to ___________ and give simple analgesics
Quincke spinal wide; postural occipital; stiff neck lying flat in bed
30
Complications of SAB Urinary ____________ : the ____________ fibers are among the last to recover. __________ complications (rare): meningitis, arachnoiditis, peridural abscess __________________ : from direct injury of the spinal cord — —
retention ; sacral autonomic Neurological; Permanent paralysis
31
Epidural Anaesthesia — Local anaesthetic solutions are deposited in the _______ space between the __________ and the _____________ lining the vertebral canal. The injected local anaesthetic solution produces ___________ by ————— at the _____________ nerve roots
peridural dura mater; periosteum analgesia blocking conduction intradural spinal
32
Epidural Anaesthesia — Technique: ________________ technique to identify the epidural space.
Loss of resistance
33
Epidural Anaesthesia ______ % ______ ———— (mainly) or ———— (——-%) is usually used to produce epidural anaesthesia
0.5% plain Bupivacaine lidocaine (2.0%)
34
Epidural Anaesthesia contd. Indications and Contraindications: Same as spinal anaesthesia. Additional indication is the __________________ using the epidural catheter technique
post operative pain management
35
Epidural Anaesthesia Complications: the same of spinal anaesthesia, except the ____________________.
post dural puncture headache
36
Differences between Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia Lebel Injection Hypotension
below L1/L2, where the spinal cord ends at any level of the vertebral column. subarachnoid space i.e. puncture of the dura mater epidural space (between ligamentum flavum and dura mater) i.e without puncture of the dura mater Rapid ; slow
37
Differences between Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia Identification of the subarachnoid space Headache Density of block
When CSF appears( Using the loss of resistance technique. Probable complication; not probable More dense; less dense
38
Differences between Spinal and Epidural Anesthesia Doses Onset of action
Doses: 2.5- 3.5 ml bupivacaine 0.5% heavy Doses: 15- 20 ml bupivacaine 0.5% plain Onset of action: rapid (2-5 min) Onset of action: slow (15-20 min)