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Large Animal Anatomy > Spinal And Autonomic Nerves > Flashcards

Spinal And Autonomic Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal cord neuropathology

A

Myelopathy

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2
Q

Peripheral nerve neuropathology

A

Mononeuropathy or polyneuropathy; peripheral neuropathy

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3
Q

Signs suggestive of peripheral neuropathy

A

Hyporeflexia, hypotonia
Denervation atrophy
Unilateral motor and sensory deficits
Normal function cranial and caudal to nerve lesion site

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4
Q

4 parts of a spinal nerve

A

Roots
Main trunk
4 primary branches
Peripheral branches of primary branches

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5
Q

Spinal nerve roots

A

Location: vertebral canal

Associated with the spinal cord despite belonging to PNS

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6
Q

Dorsal spinal nerve roots

A

Sensory; after end

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7
Q

Ventral spinal nerve roots

A

Motor; efferent

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8
Q

Main trunk of a spinal nerve

A

Very short

Location: intervertebral foramen

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9
Q

Spinal nerve formula

A

Determined by total number of vertebrae plus one

Dog: C8 T13 L7 S3 Cd5

Horse: C8 T18 L6 S5 Cd7

Bovine: C8 T13 L6 S5

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10
Q

First cervical nerve

A

Emerges through the lateral vertebral foramen in the atlas

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11
Q

Second cervical nerve

A

Exits through the lateral vertebral foramen of the axis in horses

Emerges through the intervertebral foramen b/w the first and second vertebrae in the dog

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12
Q

Eighth cervical nerve

A

Runs through the intervertebral foramen between the seventh cervical and first thoracic vertebrae

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13
Q

What is important to know about the cervical region with regards to spinal cord and vertebral segments?

A

The cervical region has one more spinal cord segment than vertebral segments

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14
Q

How many cervical nerves are in the horse?

A

8

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15
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are in the horse?

A

7

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16
Q

What are the four primary branches in a spinal nerve?

A

Dorsal
Ventral
Meningeal
Communicating

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17
Q

What do dorsal primary branches of spinal nerves supply?

A

Dorsal axial (epaxial) muscles

Skin over the dorsal and dorsolateral body

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18
Q

Which primary branch of a spinal nerve is the largest?

A

Ventral

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19
Q

What do ventral primary branches of spinal nerves supply?

A

Ventral axial (hypaxial) muscles

Muscles of ventral and ventrolateral regions including:

  • thoracic limbs
  • pelvic limbs

Skin over the ventral and ventrolateral regions

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20
Q

What forms the brachial plexus?

A

Ventral primary branches of C6-T1/2 intermingling

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21
Q

Are there ganglia or synapses in the brachial plexus?

A

No

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22
Q

Where do named peripheral nerves come off?

A

Brachial plexus

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23
Q

What forms the lumbosacral plexus?

A

L4-S4 ventral primary branch intermingling

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24
Q

What does the lumbosacral plexus supply?

A

Pelvic limb

Perineal region

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25
Q

Which primary branch of a spinal nerve is very small and difficult to see?

A

Meningeal branch

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26
Q

What do the meningeal primary branches of spinal nerves supply?

A

Meninges (coverings of the spinal cord)

Blood vessels in the vertebral canal

Intervertebral discs (sinovertebral nerve)

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27
Q

Which primary branch of a spinal nerve is indicated in back pain?

A

Meningeal

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28
Q

Where does the communicating primary branch of a spinal nerve run?

A

Main trunk –> sympathetic trunk and chain ganglia

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29
Q

Which primary branch of a spinal nerve is associated with visceral function (ANS)?

A

Communicating

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30
Q

Where is a somatic structure associated?

A

Body wall

  • skin
  • SC tissue
  • skeletal muscle
  • joints
  • tendons
  • etc.
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31
Q

Where is the visceral structure associated?

A

Internal organs

Smooth muscle

Cardiac muscle

Glands

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32
Q

What do we call peripheral nerves that go to skin only?

A

Cutaneous nerves

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33
Q

What do we call peripheral nerves that go to muscle only?

A

Muscle nerves

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34
Q

What do we call most large peripheral nerves?

A

Mixed nerves

We call them this because they go to both skin and muscle

The femoral nerve is a mixed nerve which branches peripherally into both cutaneous and muscle nerves

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35
Q

Brain neuropathology

A

Encephalopathy

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36
Q

Functional components of cutaneous nerves

A

Somatic efferents from receptors in skin and SC tissue

Visceral afferents from receptors in blood vessels

Visceral efferents: postganglionic sympathetic fibers which have their cell bodies in chain ganglia.

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37
Q

What do postganglionic sympathetic fibers supply?

A

Smooth muscles of blood vessels

Erector pilae muscles associated with hairs

Sweat glands

38
Q

Why don’t cutaneous peripheral nerves have somatic efferents?

A

B/c there is no striated muscle

39
Q

The area of skin supplied by a given cutaneous nerve is defined as a?

A

Cutaneous area

40
Q

What are the two areas within a cutaneous area?

A

Overlap zones (OZ)

Autonomous zones (AZ)

41
Q

What do we call the zone of a cutaneous area that is supplied by more than one cutaneous nerve?

A

Overlap zone (OZ)

42
Q

What do we call the zone of a cutaneous area that is supplied by only one cutaneous nerve?

A

Autonomous zone (AZ)

43
Q

What represents the region of anesthesia resulting from severe damage to one peripheral nerve and is the area of most diagnostic value in determining the level of nerve damage in a patient?

A

Autonomous zone (AZ) of a cutaneous area

44
Q

What do we call all of the skin associated with a given spinal nerve?

A

Dermatome

45
Q

Where do the dorsal cutaneous branches that supply the neck, thorax, abdomen, and rump originate in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves?

A

Dorsal primary branch

46
Q

Where do the ventral and lateral cutaneous branches that supply the neck, thorax, abdomen, and rump originate in the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spinal nerves?

A

Ventral primary branch

47
Q

What distinguishes muscle nerves from cutaneous nerves?

A

Muscle nerves have somatic efferents, and cutaneous nerves do not, because cutaneous nerves do not supply striated muscle.

48
Q

From where can muscle nerves originate?

A

Dorsal or ventral primary branches

NOT communicating or meningeal branches

49
Q

What do we call a nerve that can give rise to both muscle and cutaneous nerves dismally?

A

Mixed nerve

50
Q

Which nervous system supplies motor nerves to glands, cardiac muscle, and visceral muscle, also known as smooth muscle?

A

Autonomic nervous system

51
Q

The autonomic nervous system provides dual innervation in a two-division, two-neuron motor system, and the two divisions are antagonistic in action. What are the dual innervation a?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

52
Q

A small, myelinated nerve fiber belonging to the autonomic nervous system which has its cell body located in the CNS and its axon and termination in a peripheral autonomic ganglion/

A

Preganglionic fibers

53
Q

An unmyelinated nerve fiber belonging to the ANS which has its cell body located in the PNS, and specifically in an autonomic ganglion at one of three general locations

A

Postganglionic fiber

54
Q

Ganglia that is sympathetic only and alongside the vertebral column within the sympathetic trunk

A

Paravertebral ganglia

55
Q

Ganglia in an intermediate location (sym and parasym) between the sympathetic trunk and an effector organ

A

Prevertebral ganglia

56
Q

Ganglia that are mostly parasympathetic and mostly intrinsic neural plexuses of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts

A

Terminal ganglia

57
Q

Part of the ANS also known as the craniosacral division; originates in the brain stem with the cranial nerves and in the sacral regions of the spinal cord

A

Parasympathetic

58
Q

Part of the ANS that is also called thoracolumbar; originates in the thoracic and upper lumbar spinal cord

A

Sympathetic

59
Q

Breakdown of parasympathetic ganglia

A

NO chain

Few prevertebral

Mostly terminal

60
Q

Breakdown of sympathetic ganglia

A

Few terminal

Some prevertebral

Mostly chain

61
Q

Do parasympathetic postganglionic fibers go to cardiac muscle, glands, and smooth muscles of the eye, digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems?

A

Yes

62
Q

Do parasympathetic postganglionic fibers go to sweat glands, smooth muscles of the skin (erector pilae muscles), or blood vessels of the head, body wall, and extremities?

A

No

63
Q

Do postganglionic parasympathetic fibers run in cranial and sacral nerves?

A

Yes

64
Q

Do postganglionic sympathetic fibers go to cardiac muscle, all glands, and all smooth muscles of the body?

A

Yes

65
Q

Where do sympathetic postganglionic fibers run?

A

All spinal nerves and their peripheral branches

Peripheral branches of most cranial nerves

66
Q

Are preganglionic parasympathetic or sympathetic fibers longer?

A

Parasympathetic

67
Q

Are postganglionic parasympathetic or sympathetic fibers longer?

A

Sympathetic

68
Q

Which system is “rest and digest” and operates locally in specific organ locations?

A

Parasympathetic

69
Q

Which system is “fight or flight” and operates globally in a mass response?

A

Sympathetic

70
Q

What neurotransmitter is usually released from cholinergic parasympathetic postganglionic fibers?

A

Acetylcholine (Ach)

71
Q

What neurotransmitter is usually released from adrenergic sympathetic postganglionic fibers?

A

Norepinephrine (NE)

72
Q

What cholinergic receptors are present for neurotransmitter Ach?

A

Nicotinic

Muscarinic

73
Q

Where are nicotinic receptor sites found?

A

Pre-postganglionic junctions of both sympathetic and parasympathetic systems

All somatic neuromuscular junctions (between somatic efferents and skeletal muscle)

74
Q

Where are Muscarinic receptor sites found?

A

Parasympathetic postganglionic- effector junction

75
Q

What is the neurotransmitter at sympathetic postganglionic-effector organ junctions?

A

Norepinephrine

76
Q

What adrenergic receptors are on effector organs?

A

Alpha adrenergic (a1 and a2)

Beta adrenergic (b1 and b2)

77
Q

Where are preganglionic cell bodies supplying the head and neck regions generally located?

A

The lateral horn of T1-T5

78
Q

How far does the sympathetic trunk extend?

A

C1-Cd1

79
Q

In the supply to the neck: Preganglionic fibers synapse with postganglionic fibers in the ___ ganglion (fused chain ganglia from __-__). The postganglionic fibers reach the cervical spinal nerves (__-__) via the ___ nerve. Fibers leave the nerve near each spinal nerve, travel through the ___ branch to the main trunk and then distribute themselves in the other three primary nerve branches for distribution to their effector organs of the neck region.

A

Cervicothoracic

C7-T2

C3-C8

Vertebral

Communicating

80
Q

Sympathetic Supply to the head and C1 and C2 regions: Preganglionic fibers pass through the ___ ganglion and travel cranially in the ___ trunk in the neck to eventually synapse with their postganglionic fibers in the ___ ganglion (fused chain ganglia of ___-___). Postganglionic fibers destined for the C1 and C2 body region travel back to the main trunk of C1 and C2 via the ___ branch. Postganglionic fibers destined for the head travel initially along a plexus surrounding the ___ artery and are distributed distally along branches of most cranial nerves (except ___, ___, and ___) and smaller blood vessels

A

Cervicothoracic

Vagosympathetic

Cranial cervical

C1-C2

Communicating

Internal carotid

I, II, and VIII

81
Q

Serious damage to the vagosympathetic trunk in the cervical region will eliminate the Preganglionic supply to the ___ ganglion and the entire ___ supply to the head will be essentially removed. This condition is known as ___ in particular as it relates to the ___. It is often a sequelae to avulsion of the roots of the spinal nerves contributing to the ___.

A

Cranial cervical

Sympathetic

Horner’s syndrome

Eye

Brachial plexus

82
Q

5 classical signs of Horner’s syndrome

A

Constriction of pupil on the affected side (due to parasympathetics taking over)

Nictitating membrane prolapse over the eye (due to paralysis of the smooth muscle retracting it)

Partial ptosis (drooping) of the upper eyelid (due to relaxation of the smooth muscle that retracts the lid)

Enophthalmia (recession of the eyeball within the orbit)

Anhidrosis (lack of sweating) on affected side (because sympathetics supply sweat glands. This is Muscarinic Ach in most species, but in the horse the neurotransmitter is believed to be norepinephrine. Thus, in horses with Horner’s syndrome, there will be excessive sweating in the affected side.

83
Q

In horses with Horner’s syndrome, the postganglionic neurotransmitter to the sweat glands is believed to be ___. This means that an affected horse with the syndrome will ___ on the affected side.

This response is caused by ___ (a phenomenon caused by the proliferation of adrenergic receptors on sweat glands)

A

Norepinephrine

Sweat

Denervation supersensitivity

84
Q

Sympathetic Preganglionic cell bodies supplying the thoracic cavity are located in the lateral horn of ___-___

A

T1-T11

85
Q

Sympathetic supply to the thoracic cavity: Preganglionic fibers to the heart, bronchi, and ___ travel cranially in the ___ trunk and synapse in the ___ ganglion (fused chain ganglia of ___-___) and the ___ ganglion. Postganglionic fibers travel to the visceral thoracic organs via the ___ nerves and neural plexuses around arteries. Some Preganglionic fibers synapse in the ___ ganglia.

A

Lungs

Sympathetic

Middle cervical

C3-C7

Cervicothoracic

Cardiosympathetic

Chain

86
Q

Sympathetic preganglionic cell bodies supplying the abdominal and pelvic cavities and the genitalia are located primarily in the lateral horn of ___-___

A

T8-L3

87
Q

Sympathetic supply to the abdominal/pelvic cavities and genitalia: Preganglionic fibers enter the sympathetic trunk and run ___ and either–

(I) leave the trunk in the ___ nerves, which perforate the ___ and enter the abdominal cavity, or–

(II) leave the sympathetic trunk in the lumbar region (___-___) in the ___ nerves.

These fibers synapse in any of a number of ___ ganglia. Examples are the celiacomesenteric, adrenal, aorticorenal, caudal mesenteric ganglia. Postganglionic fibers travel to their respective effector organ via ___ plexuses.

Preganglionic fibers destined for the pelvic and urogenital organs synapse in the ___ ganglion and the postganglionic fibers leave via the ___ nerves, pass through the pelvic plexus, and supply their assigned effectors via arterial plexuses and small nerve bundles. Many preganglionics destined for the external genitalia synapse in the ___ plexus or ___ ganglia.

A

Caudally

Thoracic splanchnic

Diaphragm

L1-L4

Lumbar splanchnic

Prevertebral

Arterial

Caudal mesenteric

Hypogastric

Pelvic

Sacral chain

88
Q

Sympathetic fibers supplying the body wall in the T1-L3 regions, including the thoracic limb: Preganglionic fibers leave the main trunk via the ___ branch, then enter and synapse in the ___ ganglion of that segment. Postganglionic fibers run back through the same branch and are distributed to the ___ through the other 3 primary spinal branches

A

Communicating

Chain

Body wall

89
Q

Sympathetic fibers supplying the body wall in the L4-Cd region, including the pelvic limb: Pregnaglionic cell bodies are usually located in the lateral horn of ___-___ segments and enter the sympathetic trunk to synapse in the chain ganglia of ___-___. Postganglionic fibers run back to the spinal nerve of that segment via the ___ branch for distribution to the body wall.

A

L1-L3

L4-S1

Communicating

90
Q

Parasympathetic fibers supplying the head region: Preganglionic fibers travel peripherally in cranial nerves ___, ___, ___, and ___.

A

III, VII, IX, X

91
Q

Parasympathetic supply to the visceral organs as far distally as the transverse colon: Preganglionic fibers run out of the brain stem in the ___ nerve, descend caudally in the ___ trunk, pass through the thorax in the dorsal and ventral ___ trunks, and reach the ___ plexuses (celiacomesenteric, caudal mesenteric, etc.) through which they pass without synapsing. Eventually, the preganglionic fibers synapse in a ___ ganglion (such as the myenteric plexus) in the effector organ.

Postganglionic fibers are very ___ and run from the ___ ganglion to the effector.

A

Vagus

Vagosympathetic

Vagal

Abdominal autonomic

Terminal

Short

Terminal

92
Q

Parasympathetic fibers supplying visceral organs distal to the transverse colon: Preganglionic fibers have cell bodies in ___-___ in the horse. They travel through the ___ nerve, which descends in the pelvic cavity to form the ___ plexus. Most preganglionics synapse here, but others pass through to eventually synapse in a ___ ganglion.

A

S3-S4

Pelvic

Pelvic

Terminal

Large Animal Anatomy (7 decks)

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