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National Boards Part I > Spinal Anatomy > Flashcards

Spinal Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Mesoderm Subgroups (4)

A

Paraxial (somatic and splanchnic)

Intermediate

Head

Lateral Plate

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2
Q

Endoderm derivatives

A

Organs, gut, respiratory tract

“tubular structures”

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3
Q

Mesoderm: Paraxial

(two parts…)

A

Somatic:
musculoskeletal- muscles, ligaments, tendons…

Splanchnic
smooth muscle of organs

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4
Q

Mesoderm: Intermediate

A

Urogenital system and kidneys

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5
Q

Mesoderm: Head

A

skull muscles, dentine of teeth

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6
Q

Mesoderm: Lateral Plate

A

Adrenal cortex, connective tissue, cardiovascular and lymph

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7
Q

Ectoderm Subgroups

A

“Ectoderm: nerves and skin”

Surface ectoderm

Neuroectoderm (2)

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8
Q

Ectoderm: Surface Ectoderm

A

Epidermis, anterior pituitary, lens of eye, skin, enamel, hair, nails

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9
Q

Ectoderm: Neuroectoderm

(Subgroups and derivatives)

A

Neural Tube
posterior pituitary, retina of eye, CNS, oligodendrocyte
CNS: brain and sc

  • *Neural Crest**
  • *Outside CNS:** sympathetic chain gangion, DRG, ANS, PNS, Schwann cells, Parafollicular cells of thyroid, adrenal medulla
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10
Q

Neuroectoderm:

Embryological order

A

notochord
↓
neural plate
​↓
neural groove
​↓
neural tube
​↓
neural crest cell

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11
Q

CNS Pathologies derived from neural tube defects:

Spina Bifida Occulta

A

lamina failed to fuse

tuft of hair growth = “fawn’s beard”

Caused by folic acid deficiency

(“Folic acid” / “Vit B9” / “methylfolate” / “tetrahydrofolate”)

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12
Q

CNS Pathologies derived from neural tube defects:

Spina Bifida Vera / “Spina Bifida Manifesta”

Meningocele, myelocele, meningiomyelocele…

A

Meningocele: meninges protrude

Myelocele: sc protrudes because of underdeveloped meninges

Meningiomyelocele: sc and meninges protruding

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13
Q

CNS Pathologies derived from neural tube:

Arnold Chiari Syndrome
(two types)

A

Type I:
cerebellar peduncles come below foramen magnum

Type II:
Type I + meningiomyelocele

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14
Q

CNS Pathologies derived from neural tube:

Cleft Palate

A

failure of maxillary and palatine bones to fuse

neural tube defect, B9 deficiency

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15
Q

(Embryological stages of development)

Mesodermal Development

A

Sclerotome = membranous vertebral column

Myotome = muscle

  • Somatic: skeletal muscle
  • Splanchnic: “visceral” smooth muscle
  • Epimere: dorsal, posterior mm, extensors
  • Hypomere: ventral, anterior mm, flexors

Dermatome = nerves

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16
Q

(Embryological stages of development)

Ossification

A

intramembranous/intramedullary ossification

  • mesenchymal tissue → bone
  • clavicle / parietal bone*

*or any skull bone, all are partially intramembranous

Enchondral ossification = preformed in cartilage

  • ossification for all other bones (98%)
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17
Q

Dorsal Primary Rami

A

to back mm

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18
Q

Ventral Primary Rami

A

to front mms

Exception: any back mm that is innervated by a nerve coming off brachial plexus is primary..

rhomboids → dorsal scapular n

latissimus dorsi → thoracodorsal n

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19
Q

(GI Embryology)

Mouth

Foregut

Midgut

Hindgut

A

Mouth: stomodeum

Foregut: back of throat to first 1/3 duodenum

Midgut: last <span>2</span>/3 duodenum to first <span>2</span>/3 transverse colon

Hindgut: last <span>1</span>/3 transverse colon to anus

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20
Q

The Gubernaculum

A

Males
becomes scrotal ligament aka “gubenacular testes”

Females
suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian lig, and round lig.

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21
Q

Primary and Secondary Vesicles

A

“Tell Di Mes Met Mye”

Prosencephalon

  • Telencephalon
  • Diencephalon

Mesencephalon

  • Mesencephalon

Rhombencephalon

  • Metencephalon
  • Myelencephalon
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22
Q

Telencephalon

A

Derived from Prosencephalon

Cortices, basal ganglion, cingular gyrus

CN I (Olfactory n)

Lateral Ventricle

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23
Q

Diencephalon

A

Derived from Prosencephalon

thalamus (hypo-, epi-, sub-)
*epithalamus = pineal gland

CN II (Optic n)

3rd ventricle

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24
Q

Mesencephalon

A

remains mesencephalon

midbrain

CN III (oculomotor)
CN IV (trochlear) 
*\*only CN off posterior portion of brainstem, and contralateral*

Aqueduct of Sylvius AKA Cerebral Aqueduct

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25
Q

Metencephalon

A

From Rhombencephalon

Pons and cerebellum

CNs 5-8
(V: trigeminal, VI: abducens, VII: facial, VIII: vestibulocochlear)

roof of 4th ventricle

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26
Q

Myelencephalon

A

From Rhombencephalon

medulla oblongata

CNs 9-12
(IX: glossopharyngeal, X: vagus, XI: accessory, XII: hypoglossal)

floor of 4th ventricle

*fold of tissue at floor of 4th vent: “obex”
just below 4th ventricle: cisterna magna/”cerebellomedullary cisterm”

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27
Q

(Neurology)

Dendrites vs Axons

A

Dendrites: impulse towards cell body

Axon: impulse away from body

*impulse originates at axon hillock

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28
Q

Overview

A

receptor (dendrite) → peripheral nerve → spinal cord → brainstem → cerebellum

(or) ↓

thalamus → parietal lobe → Wernicke’s area (POT) → limbic system → motor response

*Only senseation that bypasses thalamus is smell. Cerebellum receives information after impulses pass thru brainstem and also from cortex

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29
Q

(Action Potential)

Resting Membrane Potential
muscle vs neuron

A

Resting Membrane Potential: (-) inside, (+) outside

large molecules create (-) inside, sodium creates (+) outside

Muscle = (-85-90mv)

Neuron = (-65-70mv)

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30
Q

(Action Potential)

Receptors

A

Allow Na+ leak into cell, twoards depolarization of nerve for AP

Depolarization = Na+ rushing in

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31
Q

Dorsal Column Receptors

Pacinian

A

insignificant vibration

A-beta fibers

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32
Q

Dorsal Column Receptors

Ruffini

A

joint position sense

A-beta fibers

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33
Q

Dorsal Column Receptors

Meissner’s/Merkel’s

A

accurate touch

A-Beta fibers

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34
Q

Spinothalamic Tracts

A

Free Naked endings

pain, temperature, crude touch

unmyelinated C fibers

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35
Q

AP Threshold

controlled by

A

Ca++

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36
Q

Subnormal Period

“Hyperpolarized”

“relative refractory period”

A

more negative, harder to fire

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37
Q

Na/K Pump

A

kicks in after subnormal/hyperpolarized period

helps reach equilibrium/resting

pumps 3 Na+ OUT
2 K+ IN

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38
Q

Medulla and Pons

A

Respiratory and cardiac center

autonomics

CN 5-12

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39
Q

Midbrain

A

reflexes to light and sound

proximal flexor relay

CN 3&4

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40
Q

Thalamus

A

relay station

sensory fibers

Pulvinar region = integration of sensory information

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41
Q

VPM of Thalamus

A

sensory from face

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42
Q

VPL of Thalamus

A

sensory from arms and legs

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43
Q

Lateral geniculate of Thalamus

A

sensory from eyes

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44
Q

Medial Geniculate of Thalamus

A

sensory from ears

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45
Q

Cerebrum

A

Intellect and association

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46
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

localization

“somesthetic cortex”
Post-central gyrus

Brodman 1,2,3

problem solving

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47
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Vision

Brodman’s 17

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48
Q

Superior Temporal Lobe

A

Hearing

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49
Q

Inferior Temporal Lobe

A

Long term memory
(hippocampal cells)
damage to hippocampus = anterograde amnesia

smell
(parahippocampal cells)
Uncal area
“Uncus is the skunkest”

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50
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

junction of P/O/T lobes

sensory matching, interpretation
(does this make sense? if not, fire sympathetics)

Destroyed by B1/Thiamine
d/t alcoholism = Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome
d/t diet = Beri Beri

sensory aphasia: can’t understand language

word blindness in angular gyrus

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51
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Voluntary Motor

precentral gyrus

brodman 4, 4s, 6

corticospinal tracts
corticobulbar/pyramidal tracts = personality

motor aphasia = broca’s speech, left inferior frontal lobe

blood supply from middle cerebral artery

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52
Q

Limbic System

A

associated w amygdala

pleasure or pain?
do I need to remember this?

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53
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

inhibits thalamus

Disfunction: trivial information elicits motor response
= Parkinson’s

(stops motor response)

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54
Q

Basal Ganglia

Caudate Nucleus

A

secretes GABA

defective caudate
= Huntington’s Chorea

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55
Q

Basal Ganglia

Striatum

A

putamen + caudate

separated by internal capsule

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56
Q

Basal Ganglia

Lentiform Nucleus

A

globus pallidus + putamen

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57
Q

Hypothalamus

A

hunger

thirst

temperature regulation

sex

rage

fear

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58
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance

equilibrium

involuntary coordination

unconscious proprioception

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59
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier

A

astrocytes + tight capillary beds

stores glucose/glycogen

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60
Q

Microglia

A

macrophages

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61
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

line ventricles, produce CSF

CSF made in choroid plexus in lateral ventricles

resorbed in arachnoid granulations of superior sagittal sinus

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62
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

myelin in CNS

demyelination = MS

derived from neural tube because within CNS

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63
Q

Schwann Cells

A

myelinate PNS

demyelinization = post-infectious polyradiculopathy
“Guillan-Barre”
ascending paralysis, post vaccine, post infection

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64
Q

Meissner’s & Auerbach’s Plexuses

A

allows peristalsis

from neural crest cells

absense = no peristalsis
congenital megacolon/Hirschprung’s Disease

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65
Q

Renshaw Cells

A

inhibit alpha motor neuron

(-) feedback

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66
Q

Alpha waves

A

quiet, meditative

disappear in sleep

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67
Q

Beta waves

A

intense mental activity

REM sleep

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68
Q

Delta waves

A

deep sleep or coma

ARAS = Ascending REticular Activating System
= wakes up the cortex

flying delta puts you to sleep/coma

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69
Q

Theta waves

A

normal in children, abnormal in adults

2nd/3rd stage of sleep, non-REM

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70
Q

Association fibers of cerebrum

A

connect same hemisphere

from frontal to temporal, etc.

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71
Q

Commissural fibers of cerebrum

A

connect L to R

corpus callosum

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72
Q

Projection fibers of cerebrum

A

connect up and down both directions

brainstem/sc

pass through internal capsule

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73
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

found in brainstem (medullary neurons)

most sensitive to HIGH CO2

dilate cerebral blood vessels

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74
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

found in carotid and aortic bodies

most sensitive to LOW OXYGEN

dilate cerebral blood vessels

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75
Q

Vertebral arteries enter spine at

A

C6 transverse foramen

feed into Circle of Willis

enter skull at foramen magnum

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76
Q

PICA

A

Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery

off Vertebral Arteries

Damage to PICA = Wallenberg Syndrome
ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature to face
contralateral loss of pain and temperature to body

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77
Q

Anterior Spinal Artery

A

from both vertebral arteries

blood to anterior 2/3 of spinal cord

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78
Q

Posterior Spinal Arteries

A

off radicular arteries

blood to posterior 1/3 of spinal cord

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79
Q

Carotids

A

Right Carotid off R brachiocephalic

Left Carotid off Aorta

both bifurcate at C3/4 into
Internal Carotid and External Carotid
manterior and middle cerebral aa // maxillary to middle meningeal a

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80
Q

Straight Sinus

A

Great Cerebral Vein of Galen drains into Straight Sinus
“Great is Straight”

Straight Sinus found in tentorium cerebelli

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81
Q

Superior Sagittal Sinus

A

Superior Cerebral Vein drains into Superior Sagittal Sinus
“Superior is Superior”

Superior Sagittal Sinus found in falx cerebri

contains arachnoid granulations for resorbing CSF

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82
Q

Falx Cerebri attachments

A

Anterior attachment: crista galli of ethmoid

Posterior attachment: tentorium cerebelli

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83
Q

Confluence of Sinuses

A

torculus herophilus

on inner portion of occipital bone

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84
Q

Damage to sinuses

A

subdural hematoma

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85
Q

Emissary veins

A

drain scalp into superior sagittal sinus

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86
Q

Damage to middle meningeal a

A

epidural hemorrhage

epidural hematoma

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87
Q

Damage to venous system

A

subdural hemorrage

7-14 days to show

slow bleed

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88
Q

Beri aneurysm

(Circle of Willis)

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage

worst headache of life
full intensity, immediately

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89
Q

Flocculonodular lobe of cerebellum

A

midline

balance of spine

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90
Q

Cerebellar Nuclei

Fastigial

A

spine

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91
Q

Cerebellar Nuclei

Globus

A

proximal joints

glenohumeral

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92
Q

Cerebellar Nuclei

Emboliform

A

middle joints

elbow

globus + emboliform = interpose nuclei

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93
Q

Cerebellar Nuclei

Dentate

A

distal joints

digits

motor output

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94
Q

Interpose Nuclei

A

globus + emboliform

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95
Q

MSC

A

type 1a fibers

stretch

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96
Q

GTO

A

type 1b fibers

tension

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97
Q

Tectum of Midbrain

A

superior and inferior colliculi

  • *superior** = light
  • *inferior** = sound

reflex to light and sound = tectospinal tract

Corpora quadrigemina = the 4 colliculi

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98
Q

Tegmentum of Midbrain

A

CN 3 and 4*
CN4 comes off posterior portion

center of mesencephalon

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99
Q

Cerebral peduncles
“Basis Pedunculi”

A

contains corticospinal tracts

red nucleus = origin of rubrospinal tract

substantia nigra = dopamine for thalamus
Parkinsons if damaged

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100
Q

CN I: Olfactory

Origin

Foramina/bone

Action

A

frontal lobe

cribiform plate of ethmoid

smell

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101
Q

CN II: Optic

Origin

Foramina/bone

Action

A

thalamus

optic foramen of sphenoid

S: vision
R: afferent pupillary light reflex

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102
Q

CN III: Oculomotor

Origin

Foramina/bone

Action

A

midbrain

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

M: “All else 3” (SO4, LR6, all else 3)
R: pupillary constriction
P: efferent pupillary light reflex

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103
Q

CN IV: Trochlear

Origin

Foramen/bone

Action

A

midbrain

superior orbital fissure/sphenoid

M: superior oblique

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104
Q

CN V1: Opthalmic/Trigeminal

Origin

Foramen/bone

Action

A

pons

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

S: corner of canthus to bald spot
R: afferent corneal, afferent oculocardiac

“Oval Man, Rotate Max, Spin the Middle”

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105
Q

CN V2: Maxillary

A

pons

foramen rotundum of sphenoid

S:corner of canthus to corner of mouth

“Oval Man, Rotate Max, Spin the Middle”

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106
Q

CN V3: Mandibular/Trigeminal

A

pons

foramen ovale of sphenoid

S: corner of mouth to chin, general sensation to tongue
M: mm of mastication and tensor tympani
R: jaw jerk (afferrent and efferent)

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107
Q

CN VI: Abducens

A

pons

superior orbital fissure of sphenoid

M: lateral rectus

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108
Q

CN VII: Facial

A

pons

internal auditory meatus to stylomastoid foramen
of temporal bone

pierces parotid

S: “chordae tympani” from middle ear to anterior 2/3 of tongue for taste
M: facial mm and stapedius
R: efferent corneal
P: lacrimation, salivation

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109
Q

CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear

A

pons

internal auditory meatus, temporal bone

S: Balance (vestibulo)
Hearing (cochlear)

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110
Q

CN IX: Glossopharyngeal

A

medulla

jugular foramen, temporal/occipital

S: posterior 1/3 tongue - taste. middle ear
M: stylopharyngeus
R: carotid afferent, gag afferent
P: salivation (parotid glands)

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111
Q

CN X: Vagus

A

medulla

jugular foramen, temporal/occipital

S: tympanic membrane
M: palate, pharynx, larynx
R:carotid, gag, and oculocardiac efferent
P: palate to 1st 2/3 transverse colon

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112
Q

CN XII: Spinal Accessory

A

medulla

jugular foramen, temporal/occipital

M: SCM (w/CN2,3) - cont’l rotation, ipsi’l lat. flexion
traps (w/CN3,4) - forms slope of neck

O: acromion + clavicle I= sup nuchal line

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113
Q

CN XII: Hypoglossal

A

medulla

hypoglossal foramen, occiput

M: intrinsic mm of tongue

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114
Q

Temporalis

A

O: Temporal fossa

I: coronoid of mandible

closes jaw

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115
Q

Masseter

A

O: Zygomatic
I: external angle of jaw

closes jaw

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116
Q

Internal/medial pterygoid

A

O: medial pterygoid process

I: internal angle of jaw

closes jaw

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117
Q

External/lateral pterygoid

A

O: lateral pterygoid process
I: disc of TMJ and condyle of mandible

opens/depresses jaw

protrudes jaw

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118
Q
A
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119
Q

Greatest input into parasympathetics

A

nucleus solitarius (CN 7,9,10) for taste

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120
Q

Fovea centralis

A

most acute vision

has cones: bright light and colors

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121
Q

Rods

A

periphery

dim light, night vision

glaucoma affects rods first

122
Q

Optic nerve decussates at

A

optic chiasm

nasal tracts also decussate at optic chiasm
carry temporal fields of vision

damage: bitemporal hemianopia

123
Q

Upper Motor Neuron lesion

A

no inhibition

clonus because constant firing

spasticity because increased firing
= increased muscle tone

hyperreflexia from tight mm spindle

124
Q

Lower Motor Neuron lesion

A

fasciculations = muscle dying, spontaneously firing

hypotonia: lose 1b and 1a afferents for tone
hyporeflexia: decrease tone on spindles

125
Q

True Ribs

126
Q

False Ribs

127
Q

Floating ribs

A

Ribs 11-12

128
Q

Direction of articular facets

A

Cervical = AIL

Thoracic = AIM

Lumbar = AIL

129
Q

Anterior boundary of IVF

A

disc, body, rib head

cervicals include uncinates

thoracics include rib heads

130
Q

Posterior boundary of IVF

A

articular facets = articular pillars

Z joints

131
Q

Superior/Inferior boundaries of IVF

A

pedicle or ‘vertebral notch’

132
Q

Landmarks

Hyoid bone

133
Q

Landmarks

Carotid artery bifurcation

134
Q

Landmarks

Carotid tubercle

A

C6 transverse process

135
Q

Landmarks

Episternal Notch

136
Q

Landmarks

Dermatome of Xyphoid process

A

T7

(vertebral level T10)

137
Q

Landmarks

Dermatome of umbilicus

A

T10

(vertebral level L3)

138
Q

Landmarks

Transpyloric Line

139
Q

Landmarks

Transtubercular Line

140
Q

2 neck mm with cranial nerve and cervical innervation

A

Trapezius = CN XI, cervical 3,4

SCM = CN XI, cervical 2,3

141
Q

Muscles that elevate first four ribs during inspiration

A

Serratus Posterior Superior

Innervation T1-T4 thoracic/costal nn

142
Q

Muscles that depress last four ribs during exhalation

A

Serratus Posterior Inferior

innervation T9-T12 thoracic/costal nn

143
Q

Anterior scalene

A

inserts on scalene tubercle of first rib

located between subclavian vein and subclavian artery

144
Q

Digastric

A

anterior belly: CN5
posterior belly: CN7

derived from 1st, 2nd branchial arches

form two sides of submandibular triangle

145
Q

Galea aponeurotica

A

forehead fascia

146
Q

Levator palpebrae superioris

A

oculomotor III

147
Q

Levator scapulae

A

transverse processes of C1-C4

148
Q

Longus capitis

A

flex the head and neck

149
Q

Longus Colli

A

anterior tubercles and anterior surfaces of bodies of C1-T3

deep neck flexor

150
Q

masseter

A

powerful m of mastication

151
Q

mentalis

A

skin of the chin

152
Q

middle scalene

A

upper surface of first rib

153
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

closes the eyelids

CN VII facial

154
Q

orbicularis oris

A

purses the lips

kissing muscle

155
Q

palatoglossus

A

vagus nerve X

156
Q

palatopharyngeus

A

vagus nerve x

157
Q

posterior scalene

A

lateral surface of second rib

longest of scalene muscles

158
Q

risorius

A

active in expressions of mirth

159
Q

sphincter pupillae

A

constricts the pupil

parasympathetic fibers of oculomotor CN III

160
Q

splenius

A

splenius means bandage

named for broad, flat shape

161
Q

stapedius

A

derivative of second pharyngeal arch

starts second bracheal arch

first muscle fired in a sprinter

162
Q

styloglossus

A

retracts and elevates tongue

hypoglossal nerve XII

extrinsic muscle of the tongue

163
Q

tensor veli palatini

A

opens auditory tube

164
Q

L5 Vertebra

A

wedge-shaped
large anteriorly, small posteriorly

fused to sacrum = sacralization
if L6 = lumbarization

smallest spinous of all lumbars

165
Q

Typical ribs

166
Q

Atypical ribs and vertebrae

A

ribs 1 and 2
thoracics 10, 11, and 12

R1: short and flat

R2: surface for posterior scalene/serratus ant.

T10: full facet and superior demifacet

T11,T12 body: single full facet, floating ribs

167
Q

Branchial Arches

1st: “Mandibular”

A

CN V
Trochlear

Mandible, malleus, incus

all mm of mastication
tensor tympani
tensor veli palatini
anterior belly of digastric
“from jaw to stapes”

general sensation to anterior 2/3 of tongue

168
Q

Branchial Arches

2nd: “Hyoid”

A

stapes, styloid process, cornu of hyoid

CN VII Facial

mm of facial expression
stylohyoid
stapedius
posterior belly of digastric

taste anterior 2/3 of tongue

169
Q

Branchial Arches

3rd: “Thymus”

A

CN IX

body of hyoid
greater cornu

stylopharyngeus

thymus gland

taste and general sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue

170
Q

Branchial Arches

4th-6th: “Thyroid and Cricoid”

A

CN X, Vagus

laryngeal cartilage

cricothyroid
levator veli palatine
mm of larynx

recurrent laryngeal nerve, part of “5th” arch

171
Q

Ectoderm

A

nn and skin

172
Q

Folic Acid
B9
Methylfolate
Tetrahydrofolate

A

deficiency: neural tube defects, spina bifida occulta
“Hypovitaminosis B”

cleft palate

173
Q

Spina Bifida Vera (“true”)

Spina Bifida Manifesta

A

meningocele, meningomyelocele, myelocele

175
Q

Nucleus Pulposis collagen

176
Q

Annulus fibrosis collagen

177
Q

what organ is found in foregut and midgut

178
Q

what organ is found in midgut and hindgut

A

transverse colon

179
Q

DRG cell type

180
Q

Striking golgi tendon

A

stretch muscle spindles

myototic reflex = monosynaptic

181
Q

Medial branch of dorsal primary rami

A

facet joint innervation

T1-T7 skin on back

182
Q

Lateral branch of dorsal primary rami

A

innervation to T8-glutes

183
Q

Back mm with nerve supply from brachial plexus

A

ventral primary ramus

rhomboids: dorsal scapular n

latissimus dorsi: thoracodorsal n

184
Q

Voluntary motor tracts

A

lateral corticospinal

reticulospinal

rubrospinal

185
Q

UMN

A

runs from cerebral cortex down to anterior horn, does not include alpha motor neuron (AKA”ventral/ant horn cell”)

186
Q

LMN

A

anterior horn to muscle

187
Q

Final common pathway

A

lower motor neuron

alpha motor neuron

188
Q

Endplate potential

A

alpha motor neuron innervates muscle

189
Q

Pineal gland on level with

A

3rd ventricle

190
Q

CN4

A

only one off posterior portion of brainstem

and contralateral side

191
Q

Obex

A

at floor of 4th ventricle

just below 4th ventricle - cisterna magna
“cerebellomedullary cistern”

192
Q

Bellies of digastric

A

Anterior: V

Posterior: VII

193
Q

stylopharyngeous

A

CN IX

derived from 3rd br. arch

194
Q

Myesthenia Gravis

195
Q

Free naked nerve endings

A

sensitive to chemical pain/ nociception, temperature
lateral spinothalamic

crude touch
ventral spinothalamic

196
Q

A delta fibers

A

extreme pain

fast pain

pressure pain

197
Q

Unmyelinated C fibers

A

chemical pain

slow pain

198
Q

Depolarization

A

ascending limb of spike potential

drive to Na+ equilibrium point

199
Q

Repolarization

A

descending limb of spike potential

drive to K+ equilibrium point

200
Q

Na+ movement

A

in direction of concentration gradient

in direction of electrochemical gradient

201
Q

K+ movement

A

in direction of concentration gradient

against electrochemical gradient

202
Q

Divergence

A

when one cell fires onto many

203
Q

Convergence

A

when many cells fire onto one

“spatial summation”

204
Q

Temporal summation

A

one or more cells fire over time

205
Q

Inhibitory Post-Synaptic Potential

A

chloride ion

206
Q

Cardioinhibitory Center

A

vagus → heart

slows down heart

207
Q

Cardioacceleratory center

A

sympathetics → heart

increase HR

208
Q

Reflexes to light

A

superior colliculi

209
Q

Reflexes to sound

A

inferior colliculi

210
Q

Corpra quadrigemini

A

2 superior + 2 inferior colliculi

tectum of midbrain

Cspine (tectospinal tract)

turns head in response to light or sound

CN 3 or 4

211
Q

Somesthetic Cortex

A

post-central gyrus

212
Q

Calcarine fissure
Calcarine sulcus

A

vision

brodmans area 17

213
Q

Corticospinal & corticobulbar tracts

A

“pyramidal tracts”

start at giant cells of Betz (pyramid shaped)

214
Q

Any motor tract NOT

Corticospinal or corticobulbar

A

extrapyramidal tracts

215
Q

Broca’s blood supply

A

middle cerebral artery

mc for stroke

216
Q

Most common tumor of ventricles

A

ependymoma

217
Q

MS

A

distal mm weakness

S.I.N.

  • *S**lowed speech
  • *I**ntention tremor
  • *N**ystagmus
218
Q

Meissner’s

219
Q

failure of neural crest to migrate

A

Hirschprung’s Disease

congenital megacolon

220
Q

Wallenberg Syndrome

A

damage to PICA

221
Q

Basilar artery

A

begins at foramen magnum,
ends as posterior cerebral artery

222
Q

Artery of Adam Kiewitcz

A

large radicular artery

supplies lumbar and sacral portions of spinal cord

223
Q

Synarthrosis

Immovable

Fibrous

A

Synostosis = skull sutures

Gomphosis = teeth

224
Q

Amphiarthrosis

Slightly movable

cartilagenous

A

synchondrosis = epiphyseal plates, hyaline cartilage

symphysis = IVD, pubic symph, fibrocartilage

syndesmosis = tib/fib, interosseous membrane

225
Q

Diarthrosis

Freely Movable

Synovial

A

Uniaxial

  • *hinge/ginglymus =** phalanges
  • *pivot/trochoid** = rotatory, C1/C2

Biaxial

  • *ovoid** = MCP, TMJ, knee (modified)
  • *saddle/sellar =** sternoclavicular jts

Triaxial

  • *gliding/planar** = facets, intercarpal/intertarsal
  • *ball and socket =** shoulder, hip

*SI jts are atypical diarthrodial

226
Q

Schindylesis

A

perpendicular articulation of ethmoid and vomer

227
Q

C3 C4 C5

A

keeps the human alive

phrenic → diaphragm

228
Q

C5 C6 C7

A

long thoracic n → serratus anterior
“SA/LT”

damage = scapular winging

229
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

off posterior divisions of L2 L3 L4

(even though its in front)

230
Q

Obturator Nerve

A

off anterior divisions of L2 L3 L4

231
Q

Cords of brachial plexus

A

named for relationship to axillary artery

232
Q

Brachial Plexus

Lateral Cord

A

musculocutaneous n → biceps, coracobrachialis, brachialis

233
Q

Brachial Plexus

Medial Cord

A

ulnar nerve → all adductors

234
Q

Brachial Plexus

Posterior Cord

A

axillary n → deltoid, teres minor

subscapularis → (lower) to t. major

radial n → all extensors of forearm, wrist, hand, supinator mm, branches to fingers (posterior interosseous nerve)

median → pronators, all flexors of wrist and hand
(branches to anterior interosseous)

235
Q

Flexor digitorum profundus

dual innervation

A

“dual innervation is profound”

medial and ulnar nn

236
Q

Axillary n

A

sensory

shoulder → elbow

237
Q

musculocutaneous n

A

sensation

lateral elbow → wrist

“lateral antebrachiocutaneous”

238
Q

Medial cord

A

medial senseation elbow → wrist

“medial antebrachialcutaneous”

239
Q

Superficial branch of radial n

A

all posterior structures from shoulder down

240
Q

fracture of surgical neck of humerus

A

axillary n damage

241
Q

fracture to mid-shaft of humerus

A

radial nerve damage

242
Q

Subclavian artery

A

to first rib

@ R1, becomes axillary artery
@ t major, becomes brachial artery

243
Q

Lumbosacral Plexus

(runs L4-S2/S3)

A

gluteal nerves

@L5-S1: superior gluteal → g med & min
@S1-S2: inferior gluteal → g max

244
Q

Sciatic Nerve

A

comes out of back as common peroneal and tibial, down back of leg

245
Q

tibial branch of sciatic

A

→ hamstrings
EXCEPT: short head of bic. femoris = common peroneal

con’t back of leg to plantarflexors
gastroc, soleus, plantaris

ends in foot as medial and lateral plantar nerves

246
Q

short head of biceps femoris

A

common peroneal

247
Q

fracture at head or neck of fibula

A

damage to common peroneal

(wraps around, splits into deep/superficial)

248
Q

Deep peroneal nerve

A

anterior tibialis

peroneous tertious

= dorsiflexion

249
Q

Superficial Peroneal

A

peroneous longus and brevis

= eversion

250
Q

Sensory to posterior thigh

A

posterior femoral cutaneous

251
Q

Sensory to lateral thigh

A

lateral femoral cutaneous n

L2/L3

damage = myralgia paresthetica

252
Q

Sensory from anterior thigh

253
Q

Sensory from medial thigh

254
Q

Sensory from posterolateral leg

A

sural nerve from sciatic

255
Q

sensory from anteromedial leg

A

saphenous from femoral

256
Q

Sensory from webbing between toes

A

superficial peroneal

EXCEPT between 1st and 2nd
= deep peroneal

257
Q

L5

A

flexes toes

258
Q

S1

A

extends toes

259
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

C5, C6

central canal expansion

loss of sensation C5 C6 = syringomyelia

260
Q

Alpha Motor Neuron

A

controlled by cortex

extrafusal fibers

movement and strength

261
Q

Gamma motor neuron

A

cerebellum (unconscious)
and vestibular nuclei

intrafusal = tone

262
Q

Cortex

263
Q

cerebellum

264
Q

Annulospiral/Flowerspray

A

primary: annulospiral
secondary: flowerspray

265
Q

MSC

Muscle Spindle Cells

A

unconcsious

stretch

1a fibers fired

slightly faster

266
Q

GTO

Golgi Tendon Organ

A

unconscious

tension

1b fibers fired

267
Q

MSC/GTO → posterior horn → cerebellum

A

spinocerebellar pathways

268
Q

MSC/GTO → posterior horn → cerebellum

A

spinolivary tract → inferior olive of medulla → cerebellum
via climbing fibers

269
Q

Climbing fibers

Mossy fibers

A

excitatory

270
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

inhibitory

found in cerebellum

271
Q

Fastigial nuclei

272
Q

any stimulus to cortex

A

→ to cerebellum

273
Q

anything to cerebellum

A

→ to cortex

274
Q

Tract of Lissauer

A

pain and nociception

275
Q

Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke

A

cerebellum

(C8-L2)

276
Q

IML

Inter-medio-lateral

A

located in lateral horn from T1-L2

lamina 7

bar of H

primary neuron for sympathetics
(“visceral efferents”)
= motor to viscera

277
Q

Red Nucleus

A

rubrospinal origin

278
Q

Substantia Nigra

A

dopamine production

279
Q

Adrenergic receptors

A

norepinephrine/epinephrine

280
Q

sweat glands

A

Ach, muscarinic
(only in ANS)

for “sudomotor” activity

281
Q

visceral efferents

A

myelinated when leaving lateral horn

282
Q

Preganglionic Sympathetics

A

“white rami communicantes”

size B

most synapse at pre chain ganglion

283
Q

Postganglionic Sympathetics

A

“gray rami communicantes”

C fibers

synapse at adrenal medulla
*Pheochromocytoma

284
Q

All splanchnics

A

sympathetic

*EXCEPT: S2-S4 pelvic splanchnic
= parasympathetics

pudendal nn

keep urine off the floor, keeps mr. happy off the floor

285
Q

Greater splanchnic

286
Q

Lesser splanchnic

287
Q

Least splanchnic

288
Q

Inferior splanchnic

289
Q

Cervical Parasympathetics

A

CN 3,7,9,10

CN7 from second br. arch

290
Q

Olfactory bulb of CN1

A

mitral cells

291
Q

Exiting superior orbital fissure

A

CN 3,4,6,V1

292
Q

Exit internal auditory meatus

A

CN 7 and 8

CN7 to stylomastoid foramen
to middle ear
“cauda tympani”
pierces parotid
taste sensation

*acoustic neuroma

293
Q

Child with middle ear infection most likely to lose

A

taste sensation

294
Q

Child with mumps (parotitis) most likely to lose

A

taste sensation

295
Q

Exiting jugular foramen

A

CN 9,10,11

296
Q

Corneal reflex

A

CN5 sensory
CN7 motor

297
Q

Parotid gland

A

produces only serous fluid, no mucous

Stenson’s duct, opens opposite 2nd molar

298
Q

SCM

A

CN11, spinal accessory

ipsilateral lateral flexor
contralateral rotator

torticollis = wry neck

299
Q

pain and temperature from face

A

trigeminothalamic tract

VPM

(from body = VPL)

300
Q

mm of mastication
“TIME”

A

Temporalis

Internal Pterygoid

Masseter

External Pterygoid
only mm of mastication that <strong>opens/depresses</strong> jaw

National Boards Part I (9 decks)

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