General Anatomy Flashcards
Endoderm derivatives
Organs, gut, respiratory tract
“tubular structures”
Mesoderm Subgroups (4)
Paraxial (somatic and splanchnic)
Intermediate
Head
Lateral Plate
Mesoderm: Paraxial
(two parts…)
Somatic:
musculoskeletal- muscles, ligaments, tendons…
Splanchnic
smooth muscle of organs
Mesoderm: Intermediate
Urogenital system and kidneys
Mesoderm: Head
skull muscles, dentine of teeth
Mesoderm: Lateral Plate
Adrenal cortex, connective tissue, cardiovascular and lymph
Ectoderm Subgroups
“Ectoderm: nerves and skin”
Surface ectoderm
Neuroectoderm (2)
Ectoderm: Surface Ectoderm
Epidermis, anterior pituitary, lens of eye, skin, enamel, hair, nails
Ectoderm: Neuroectoderm
(Subgroups and derivatives)
Neural Tube
posterior pituitary, retina of eye, CNS, oligodendrocyte
CNS: brain and sc
- *Neural Crest**
- *Outside CNS:** sympathetic chain gangion, DRG, ANS, PNS, Schwann cells, Parafollicular cells of thyroid, adrenal medulla
Neuroectoderm:
Embryological order
notochord
↓
neural plate
↓
neural groove
↓
neural tube
↓
neural crest cell
(GI Embryology)
Mouth
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
Mouth: stomodeum
Foregut: back of throat to first 1/3 duodenum
Midgut: last <span>2</span>/3 duodenum to first <span>2</span>/3 transverse colon
Hindgut: last <span>1</span>/3 transverse colon to anus
The Gubernaculum
Males
becomes scrotal ligament aka “gubenacular testes”
Females
suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian lig, and round lig.
Foramen Cecum
gives rise to…
thyroid
Limb Bud Rotation
Arms = 90 lateral
Legs = 90 medial
Planes of the body
A-P = coronal/frontal
R-L = sagittal/median
S-I = transverse/horizontal
Stages of Mitosis
- *Interphase**
- *most of life spent in interphase*
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Simple Squamous
air and fluid diffusion
alveoli, capillaries, blood and lymph vessels
Stratified Squamous
“satisfied” = friction
areas of high friction
keratinized = skin nonkeratinized = oral cavity, anal cavity, vagina, esophagus
Simple Cuboidal
secretory
ependymal cells,
follicular and parafollicular cells of thyroid
Stratified Cuboidal
secretory
sweat glands
Transitional
stretch
bladder
allows expansion
Simple Columnar
absorption and reproductive tract (not vagina)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
respiratory tract
exception = alveoli (simple squamous)
Macrophage Cells
lung = dust cells
liver = Kupffer cells
brain = microglia
skin = langerhaan
PNS = dendritic
Reticular collagen (type 3)
lymph nodes and spleen
Epidermis
“Cows Like Green Soft Grass”
Striatum…
- Corneum
- Lucidum - soles of feet, palms
- Granulosum
- Spinosum
- Germinativum - basal layer
Melanin
basement (basal layer of epidermis)
skin color
Palatoglossus
CN X
elevates tongue
vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus
Styloglossus
CN XII
elevates, retracts tongue
Circumvallate taste buds
largest and fewest
Filiform taste buds
smallest, most numerous
not involved with taste
Fungiform taste buds
scattered
Foliate taste buds
sides of tongue
most sensitive
Umami taste buds
sensitive to msg
“savory”
Taste on Tongue
sweet = anterior
salty = anterolateral
sour = posterolateral
at level of Stenson’s Duct
bitter = posterior
Rings of Waldeyer (Tonsils)
palatine
lingual
pharyngeal
Adenoids
pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx
Torus Tubarius
=nasopharynx, opening of auditory tube
(adenoid swelling can occlude eustacian tube opening)
Responsible for voice production
glottis
Left Lung
arterial impressions
aorta
lingula on left upper lobe
(homolog to R middle lobe)
2 lobes
Right Lung
venous impressions
3 lobes
(azygous vein)
Trachea begins at…
and ends at…
begins at: C6, inferior margin of cricoid
ends at: T4, sternal angle of Louis
Hyaline cartilage from trachia to
secondary bronchus
Club Cells of Terminal Bronchioles
aka “Bronchiolar exocrine cells”
originally “clara cells”
cuboidal (secretory)
Hyaline cartilage runs from
trachea to secondary bronchus
Bronchopulmonary Segments
R Lung = 10
L Lung = 8
Fluid in lungs accumulates in
costodiaphragmatic recess
costophrenic angle
Fissures of L Lung
oblique only
separates superior and inferior lobes
Fissures of R Lung
Horizontal
at 4th rib anteriorly and T6 posteriorly
Oblique
separates middle and inferior lobes
Mediastinal Pleura
Pulmonary ligament:
from mediastinal pleura and is located inverior to root of lung
Cervical Pleura
cupola = apex of cervical pleura, above the clavicle
Superior Mediastinum
thymus
esophagus
thoracic duct
vagus nerve
phrenic nerve
Posterior Mediastinum
(part of inferior)
Azygous and hemiazygous veins
Middle Mediastinum
(Part of inferior)
heart
lower half of SVC
arch of azygous
Anterior Mediastinum
(part of inferior)
Thymus
Division of Superior and Inferior Mediastinum
Sternal Angle
Coronary Sinus
receives:
Great Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Small Cardiac Vein
Great Cardiac Vein
ascends in anterior interventricular groove with anterior interventricular artery
Middle Cardiac Vein
ascends in posterior interventricular groove with posterior branch of right coronary artery
Right Atrium
Sinus Venarum
smooth space between openings of IVC and SVC
Crista terminalis
musculi pectinei
= muscular ridges in atria
“pectinate muscles”
AV Valves continuous with
endocardium
Ventricles
Thickest part of heart = L Ventricle
Conus arteriosis
conical prolongation of the right ventricle from which pulmonary arteries (2 A’s, 4 V’s) emerge
Moderator Band
R bundle of Hiis
Left Coronary Artery
L.A.C.
Left Coronary
Anterior interventricular“Left anterior descending artery”
“Widow maker”
mc artery for MI
Circumflex Artery
Right Coronary Artery
RPM
Right Coronary Artery
Posterior Interventricular
Marginal
Left Recurrent laryngeal nerve
wraps around arch of aorta
R recurrent laryngeal nerve
wraps around right subclavian artery
Transpyloric Line
Transtubercular Line
Transpyloric: L1
Transtubercular: L5
Left Gastric Artery
lesser curvature
Left and Right gastroepiploic artery
greater curvature
Stenson’s duct
parotid gland
opposte 2nd molar
Cystic duct
from gallbladder
Left and Right Hepatic ducts
from L&R lobes of liver
form common hepatic
Secretions of Pancreas
Endocrine Pancreas
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Insulin (beta cells)
Somatostatin (delta cells)
- shuts off digestion
Exocrine Pancreas (acinar cells) - digestive enzymes
trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
lipase
amylase
bicarbonate
Duodenum Parts
1st/superior
where chyme enters
2nd/descending
sphincter of oddi
3rd/horizontal/transverse
4th/ascending
Pancreas
head contacts 2nd segment (desc) of duodenum
Uncinate process = tongue like projection inferior to head of pancreas
supplied by splenic artery, branch of celiac trunk
Spleen
made up of type 3 reticular collagen fibers
Type 3 = lymph nodes and spleen
Red pulp filters RBC
White pulp filters WBC
Ligamentum Venosum
separating Left / Caudate lobes
Round Ligament
Ligamentum Teres
separates L and Quadrate lobes
Caudate of liver
cannot be palpated
Falciform Ligament
separates R and L lobes
Triangular Ligaments
end of coronary ligament end as triangular ligaments
3 ligaments attaching liver to diaphragm
Falciform
Coronary
Triangular
Gallbladder separates…
Quadrate lobe from R lobe
