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National Boards Part I > General Anatomy > Flashcards

General Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Endoderm derivatives

A

Organs, gut, respiratory tract

“tubular structures”

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2
Q

Mesoderm Subgroups (4)

A

Paraxial (somatic and splanchnic)

Intermediate

Head

Lateral Plate

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3
Q

Mesoderm: Paraxial

(two parts…)

A

Somatic:
musculoskeletal- muscles, ligaments, tendons…

Splanchnic
smooth muscle of organs

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4
Q

Mesoderm: Intermediate

A

Urogenital system and kidneys

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5
Q

Mesoderm: Head

A

skull muscles, dentine of teeth

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6
Q

Mesoderm: Lateral Plate

A

Adrenal cortex, connective tissue, cardiovascular and lymph

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7
Q

Ectoderm Subgroups

A

“Ectoderm: nerves and skin”

Surface ectoderm

Neuroectoderm (2)

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8
Q

Ectoderm: Surface Ectoderm

A

Epidermis, anterior pituitary, lens of eye, skin, enamel, hair, nails

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9
Q

Ectoderm: Neuroectoderm

(Subgroups and derivatives)

A

Neural Tube
posterior pituitary, retina of eye, CNS, oligodendrocyte
CNS: brain and sc

  • *Neural Crest**
  • *Outside CNS:** sympathetic chain gangion, DRG, ANS, PNS, Schwann cells, Parafollicular cells of thyroid, adrenal medulla
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10
Q

Neuroectoderm:

Embryological order

A

notochord
↓
neural plate
​↓
neural groove
​↓
neural tube
​↓
neural crest cell

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11
Q

(GI Embryology)

Mouth

Foregut

Midgut

Hindgut

A

Mouth: stomodeum

Foregut: back of throat to first 1/3 duodenum

Midgut: last <span>2</span>/3 duodenum to first <span>2</span>/3 transverse colon

Hindgut: last <span>1</span>/3 transverse colon to anus

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12
Q

The Gubernaculum

A

Males
becomes scrotal ligament aka “gubenacular testes”

Females
suspensory ligament of ovary, ovarian lig, and round lig.

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13
Q

Foramen Cecum

gives rise to…

A

thyroid

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14
Q

Limb Bud Rotation

A

Arms = 90 lateral

Legs = 90 medial

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15
Q

Planes of the body

A

A-P = coronal/frontal

R-L = sagittal/median

S-I = transverse/horizontal

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16
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A
  • *Interphase**
  • *most of life spent in interphase*

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

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17
Q

Simple Squamous

A

air and fluid diffusion

alveoli, capillaries, blood and lymph vessels

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18
Q

Stratified Squamous

“satisfied” = friction

A

areas of high friction

keratinized = skin
nonkeratinized = oral cavity, anal cavity, vagina, esophagus
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19
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

secretory

ependymal cells,

follicular and parafollicular cells of thyroid

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20
Q

Stratified Cuboidal

A

secretory

sweat glands

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21
Q

Transitional

A

stretch

bladder

allows expansion

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22
Q

Simple Columnar

A

absorption and reproductive tract (not vagina)

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23
Q

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

A

respiratory tract
exception = alveoli (simple squamous)

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24
Q

Macrophage Cells

A

lung = dust cells

liver = Kupffer cells

brain = microglia

skin = langerhaan

PNS = dendritic

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25
Q

Reticular collagen (type 3)

A

lymph nodes and spleen

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26
Q

Epidermis

A

“Cows Like Green Soft Grass”

Striatum…

  • Corneum
  • Lucidum - soles of feet, palms
  • Granulosum
  • Spinosum
  • Germinativum - basal layer
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27
Q

Melanin

A

basement (basal layer of epidermis)

skin color

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28
Q

Palatoglossus

A

CN X

elevates tongue

vagus nerve via pharyngeal plexus

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29
Q

Styloglossus

A

CN XII

elevates, retracts tongue

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30
Q

Circumvallate taste buds

A

largest and fewest

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31
Q

Filiform taste buds

A

smallest, most numerous

not involved with taste

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32
Q

Fungiform taste buds

A

scattered

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33
Q

Foliate taste buds

A

sides of tongue

most sensitive

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34
Q

Umami taste buds

A

sensitive to msg

“savory”

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35
Q

Taste on Tongue

A

sweet = anterior

salty = anterolateral

sour = posterolateral
at level of Stenson’s Duct

bitter = posterior

36
Q

Rings of Waldeyer (Tonsils)

A

palatine

lingual

pharyngeal

37
Q

Adenoids

A

pharyngeal tonsils in nasopharynx

Torus Tubarius
=nasopharynx, opening of auditory tube

(adenoid swelling can occlude eustacian tube opening)

38
Q

Responsible for voice production

A

glottis

39
Q

Left Lung

A

arterial impressions
aorta

lingula on left upper lobe
(homolog to R middle lobe)

2 lobes

40
Q

Right Lung

A

venous impressions

3 lobes

(azygous vein)

41
Q

Trachea begins at…
and ends at…

A

begins at: C6, inferior margin of cricoid

ends at: T4, sternal angle of Louis

42
Q

Hyaline cartilage from trachia to

A

secondary bronchus

43
Q

Club Cells of Terminal Bronchioles

A

aka “Bronchiolar exocrine cells”

originally “clara cells”

cuboidal (secretory)

44
Q

Hyaline cartilage runs from

A

trachea to secondary bronchus

45
Q

Bronchopulmonary Segments

A

R Lung = 10

L Lung = 8

46
Q

Fluid in lungs accumulates in

A

costodiaphragmatic recess

costophrenic angle

47
Q

Fissures of L Lung

A

oblique only
separates superior and inferior lobes

48
Q

Fissures of R Lung

A

Horizontal
at 4th rib anteriorly and T6 posteriorly

Oblique
separates middle and inferior lobes

49
Q

Mediastinal Pleura

A

Pulmonary ligament:
from mediastinal pleura and is located inverior to root of lung

50
Q

Cervical Pleura

A

cupola = apex of cervical pleura, above the clavicle

51
Q

Superior Mediastinum

A

thymus
esophagus
thoracic duct
vagus nerve
phrenic nerve

52
Q

Posterior Mediastinum

(part of inferior)

A

Azygous and hemiazygous veins

53
Q

Middle Mediastinum

(Part of inferior)

A

heart

lower half of SVC

arch of azygous

54
Q

Anterior Mediastinum

(part of inferior)

A

Thymus

55
Q

Division of Superior and Inferior Mediastinum

A

Sternal Angle

56
Q

Coronary Sinus

A

receives:
Great Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Small Cardiac Vein

57
Q

Great Cardiac Vein

A

ascends in anterior interventricular groove with anterior interventricular artery

58
Q

Middle Cardiac Vein

A

ascends in posterior interventricular groove with posterior branch of right coronary artery

59
Q

Right Atrium

A

Sinus Venarum
smooth space between openings of IVC and SVC

Crista terminalis

musculi pectinei
= muscular ridges in atria
“pectinate muscles”

60
Q

AV Valves continuous with

A

endocardium

61
Q

Ventricles

A

Thickest part of heart = L Ventricle

62
Q

Conus arteriosis

A

conical prolongation of the right ventricle from which pulmonary arteries (2 A’s, 4 V’s) emerge

63
Q

Moderator Band

A

R bundle of Hiis

64
Q

Left Coronary Artery

A

L.A.C.

Left Coronary

Anterior interventricular“Left anterior descending artery”
“Widow maker”
mc artery for MI

Circumflex Artery

65
Q

Right Coronary Artery

A

RPM

Right Coronary Artery

Posterior Interventricular

Marginal

66
Q

Left Recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

wraps around arch of aorta

67
Q

R recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

wraps around right subclavian artery

68
Q

Transpyloric Line

Transtubercular Line

A

Transpyloric: L1

Transtubercular: L5

69
Q

Left Gastric Artery

A

lesser curvature

70
Q

Left and Right gastroepiploic artery

A

greater curvature

71
Q

Stenson’s duct

A

parotid gland

opposte 2nd molar

72
Q

Cystic duct

A

from gallbladder

73
Q

Left and Right Hepatic ducts

A

from L&R lobes of liver

form common hepatic

74
Q

Secretions of Pancreas

A

Endocrine Pancreas
Glucagon (alpha cells)
Insulin (beta cells)
Somatostatin (delta cells)
- shuts off digestion

Exocrine Pancreas (acinar cells) - digestive enzymes
trypsinogen
chymotrypsinogen
lipase
amylase
bicarbonate

75
Q

Duodenum Parts

A

1st/superior
where chyme enters

2nd/descending
sphincter of oddi

3rd/horizontal/transverse

4th/ascending

76
Q

Pancreas

A

head contacts 2nd segment (desc) of duodenum

Uncinate process = tongue like projection inferior to head of pancreas

supplied by splenic artery, branch of celiac trunk

77
Q

Spleen

A

made up of type 3 reticular collagen fibers
Type 3 = lymph nodes and spleen

Red pulp filters RBC
White pulp filters WBC

78
Q

Ligamentum Venosum

A

separating Left / Caudate lobes

79
Q

Round Ligament
Ligamentum Teres

A

separates L and Quadrate lobes

80
Q

Caudate of liver

A

cannot be palpated

81
Q

Falciform Ligament

A

separates R and L lobes

82
Q

Triangular Ligaments

A

end of coronary ligament end as triangular ligaments

83
Q

3 ligaments attaching liver to diaphragm

A

Falciform

Coronary

Triangular

84
Q

Gallbladder separates…

A

Quadrate lobe from R lobe

85
Q
A

National Boards Part I (9 decks)

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