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National Boards Part I > Pathology (Joe) > Flashcards

Pathology (Joe) Flashcards

Pathology (Joe)

1
Q

Degeneration:

Calcification

A

Metastatic = Ca++ into normal tissue
Hypervitaminosis D

Dystrophic = Ca++ into abnormal/damaged tissue
Atherosclerosis, atheroma

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2
Q

Degeneration:

Caseous

A

cheesy

tuberculosis

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3
Q

Types of Degeneration

Albuminous

A

cloudy swelling

membrane injury, ion transfer fucked

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4
Q

Degeneration:

Coagulation

A

Infarction (MI)

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5
Q

Degeneration:

Enzymatic

A

Pancreas

(digests itself inside-out)

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6
Q

Degeneration:

Fatty

A
  • *Liver = “nutmeg liver”** (reversible if caught early)
  • *Heart = “tabby cat heart”** (stripes)

fatty dot → fatty streak → fatty plaque (atheroma) → fibroatheroma (fibrous tissue, calcium)

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7
Q

Degeneration:

Liquefactive

A
  • *CNS**
  • brain melts, tertiary syphilis, leprosy*
  • *or skin**
  • infection*
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8
Q

Degeneration:

Wallerian

A

peripheral nerves

degenerates to next Node of Ranvier
“dying back phenomenon”

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9
Q

Degeneration:

Zenker’s (Waxy)

A

hyaline cartilage

most common in skeletal muscle
(at epiphyseal plates)

muscle replaced with hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

Cellular Degeneration

A

Karyolysis: nuclear rupturing/fading/destruction

Karyorrhexis: nuclear swelling

Pyknosis: nuclear condensation

All the above = “nuclear dissolution”
leads to an anuclear necrotic cell

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11
Q

Developmental Changes

A

Agenesis: absence of organ (usually paired organs; renal, testicular.. odontoid)

Aplasia: small remnants of the organ, lack of development

Hypoplasia: smaller than normal, usually defective

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12
Q

Primary Pathology
vs
Secondary Pathology

A

Primary

  • arrives spontaneously
  • organ in question is fucked up

Secondary

  • usually insidious
  • resultant from other trauma/pathology
  • organ in question is malfunctioning, due to some other organ not working properly
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13
Q

Growth Disturbances

Cancer

A

Metaplasia: functional change from one cell type to another

Dysplasia: change in size/shape/fx, precancerous, but last stage that can be returned to normal

  • *Anaplasia:** complete disorganization of a cell (cancer)
  • squamous cell carcinoma*
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14
Q

Collagen Types

A

Type 1
bone, muscle, tendons, ligaments

Type 2
disc (specifically nucleus pulposis)

  • *Type 3**“reticular collagen”, spleen and lymph nodes
  • *early wound healing**

Type 4
basement membrane of all tissues

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15
Q

Pneumoconiosis

Silicosis

A

silica from sand, rock, glass

Rocky QUarry disease

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16
Q

Pneumoconiosis

Asbestosis

A

asbestos

leads to mesothelioma

malignant tumor

Naval shipyard

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17
Q

Pneumoconiosis:

Siderosis

A

Iron dust particles

Iron Ore Mill/Steel Mill occupants

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18
Q

Pneumoconiosis:

Byssinosis

A

cotton dust

Brown Lung

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19
Q

Pneumoconiosis:

Anthracosis

A

Black Lung Disease from miners

Caplan’s Syndrome
(anthracosis + RA)

W.Virginia coal mines

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20
Q

Pneumoconiosis:

Histomycosis/Histoplasmosis

A

Endemic fungus

Mississippi/Ohio Valleys

“Mississippi Valley Fever”
“Ohio Valley Fever”

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21
Q

Pneumoconiosis:

Coccidiomycosis

A

Endemic fungus in deserts of SW USA

“San Joaquin Valley Fever”
(just Valley Fever in other states)

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22
Q

Pneumoconiosis:

Blastomycosis

A

Endemic fungus on Eastern seaboard

Florida to Nova Scotia

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23
Q

Asthma

A

Sputum analysis:
Curschmann’s Spirals
& Charcot-Leyden Crystals

↑IgE, ↑Eosinophils
(↑<em>IgE: wheezes, sneezes and weird ass diseases)</em>

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24
Q

Cystic Fibrosis

A
  • Chloride channels affected
  • “sweat test”
    • mother notices, tastes salt = Salty Baby Syndrome
  • Affects:
    • GI mucous linings
    • respiratory mucous linings
    • exocrine secretions
  • Susceptible to pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • frequently requires lung transplants
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25
Q

Hemosiderosis

A

iron in lungs due to bleeding

rib fracture
pulmonary embolism (?)
stab/gunshot wound

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26
Q

Pulmonary Fibrosis

A

honeycomb lung

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27
Q

Tuberculosis

A

caseous necrosis in lung

Gohn complex, granulomas, epithelioid histiocytes

If spread to spine = “Pott’s Disease”
(with fracture or collapse of VB = Gibbus deformity)

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28
Q

Wegner’s Granulomatosis

A

Vasculitis of lung and kidney arteries

any system can be affected (polyangitis)

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29
Q

Emphysema

A

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (A1AT) deficiency = loss of elasticity

can’t breathe out

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30
Q

Azotemia

A

decreased tubular excretion of nitrogen

↑nitrogen in the blood

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31
Q

Hydronephrosis

A

most commonly caused by prostate problems/ureter stones

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32
Q

Kidney Stones

A

“Nephrolithiasis”

acute nephritic shock:

mc stone: calcium oxalate/ Ca++ urate

pain pattern: constant LBP, radiates to flank
localized groin pain = stone in ureters

painful voiding, pink urine

Dx: Murphy’s Punch

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33
Q

Nephritic Syndrome

A

RBCs and minor amount of protein in urine

(hematuria, mild proteinuria)

acute glomerulonephritis

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34
Q

Nephrotic Syndrome

A
  • *“Pre-eclampsia”**
  • *“HEP”: H_ypertension / _E**dema / massive Proteinuria

Eclampsia
HEP + seizure/convulsions+ coma
(potentially fatal)

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35
Q

Polycystic Kidney

A

multiple cysts on kidneys

moth-eaten appearance

idiopathic

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36
Q

Renal Shock

A

acute tubular necrosis

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37
Q

Wilm’s Disease

A

“nephroblastoma”

mixed (palpable) tumor of kidney in children
(if kids experience LBP = no bueno)

*mc malignant tumor found in kids

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38
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

↓cortisol, ↓BP
hypoadrenia/adrenal fatigue

inadequate cortisol levels = ↑↑ACTH to stimulate cortisol release
↑↑ACTH leads to ↑MSH
↑Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone = hyperpigmentation

fatigue

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39
Q

Cushing’s Disease

A

↑cortisol (z. fasciculata)

hyperadrenia

moon faces, buffalo hump, purple striae, central obesity

hypertension, water retention

<i>(opposite of Addison’s Disease)</i>

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40
Q

Conn’s Disease

A

↑↑Aldosterone (z. glomerulosa)

↑↑ADH = water retention

hypertension

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41
Q

Goiter

A

hyperplasia of thyroid cells due to lack of iodine

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42
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

Hyperthyroidism

exopthalmoses

heat intolerance

weight loss

rapid HR

weight loss

T3/T4 fiddles with thermostat, turns ↑ = <strong>↑HR, ↑BP, hot</strong>

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43
Q

Hashimoto’s

A

Autoimmune cause of hypothyroidism

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44
Q

Myxedema

A

Hypothyroidism

Cretinism in child

cold intolerance
weight gain
slow HR/bradycardia
loss of lateral 1/3 eyebrows
slow mental faculties (memory, common sense)

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45
Q

Cryptorchism

A

undescended testes

can cause testicular cancer

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46
Q

Endometriosis

A

mc site: ovary

<em>(endometrial cells should only be in uterus or outside body)</em>

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47
Q

Epispadias/Hypospadias

A

Epispadias: urethra exits dorsal surface of penis

Hypospadias: urethra exits ventral surface of penis

extreme cases lead to chordee
= sharp angulation of penis

48
Q

↑HCG

A
  • pregnancy
  • hydatidiform mole
    • non-viable embryo that has implanted
    • “cancer-like”
49
Q

Leiomyoma

A

tumor of smooth muscle

fibroids in the uterus
(may disappear at menopause)

50
Q

Polycystic Ovarian Disease
PCOS

A

anovulation

obesity

hirsutism
(excess hair on body and face)

51
Q

Seminoma

A

cancer of testes (mc form)

mesenchymal/stem cells

52
Q

Congenital Syphilis

A

born to mother with syphilis

  • Hutchinson’s teeth = notched upper incisors
  • Rhagades = cracks at edge of mouth
  • Saddle nose deformity = bridge flattened
  • Sabre Blade Tibia
  • Interstitial keratitis = produces visual changes, sometimes at tympanic membrane
53
Q

Acquired Syphilis

A

Treponema Pallidum

Primary
Hard, painless chancre on perineum

Secondary
maculopapular rash and condylomata lata

Latency
may or may not have symptoms

Tertiary
tabes dorsalis, aortic aneurysm, gummas in CNS,
Argyll Robertson Pupil/ “prostitute’s pupil”
<em>accomodates, but doesnt respond)</em>

54
Q

Pupils

A

Argyll Robertson Pupil
does not react to light, but constricts upon accomodation

Adie’s Pupil
tonic pupil dilation (mydriasis) due to CNIII Edinger-Westphal nucleus

Miosis
tonic pupil constriction due to injury to sympathetic cervical ganglia

55
Q

Changroid

A

soft, painful chancre

Haemophilus ducreyi infection
(G- coccobacillus)

56
Q

Gardnerella vaginalis

A

bacterial vaginosis

similar to Trichimonas, except bacterial

57
Q

Gonorrhea

A

Gram (-) diplococcus

mcc PID/Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
mcc salpingitis (fallopian tube infection)

  • *burning urination**
  • *yellow/green pus** in urine

may produce arthritis (mc DJD in knee)

coffee bean shaped

58
Q

Lymphogranuloma venereum

A

Chlamydia

rectal strictures (elasticity loss)

Dx: Frei Test

59
Q

Trichimonas Clamydia

A

Purulent vaginal discharge

Protozoan

vaginosis

(green/yellow, frothy, foul, fish-like)

60
Q

Achalasia

A

spasm of lower esophageal sphincter

causes megaesophagus (expansion) of upper esophagus

lack of motility
(due to absence of myenteric plexus)

61
Q

Barrett’s esophagus

A

metaplasia of esophageal cells into stomach cells

caused by GERD

62
Q

Budd-Chiari

A

occlusion of hepatic veins

Triad
abdominal pain / ascites / hepatomegaly

Acute
rapid severe upper abdominal pain, jaundice, hepatomegaly, ↑liver enzymes, eventual encephalopathy/shock

63
Q

Celiac Disease
aka “non-tropical sprue”

A

gluten intolerance/enteropathy

loss of villi = loss of absorption

intestinal lining flattened & hole-punched

GF diet

64
Q

Cholecystitis

A

1 cause of gallstones

gallbladder inflammation

65
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

gallstones

mcc by cholecystitis

66
Q

Chron’s Disease
“regional ileitis”, “distal ileitis”, “regional enteritis”

A

seen in young people

distal small intestine (ileum), cecum, ascending colon
(R-sided problem)

skip-lesions = “cobblestone” appearance

NO bloody diarrhea

autoimmune

leads to dehydration bc most water absorbed in small intestine

67
Q

Diverticula

A

outpouching in the intestine

usually lower L quadrant
(sigmoid and descending)

68
Q

Dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing

69
Q

Enteritis

A

bowel inflammation due to improper sanitation

mcc of death of children worldwide
due to dehydration from diarrhea

70
Q

Hemorrhoids

A

Swollen and inflamed veins in the rectum and anus that cause discomfort and bleeding

mcc of frank red blood in stool

frank blood = bright red
melena = upper GI bleed- - dark, digested blood

71
Q

Hirschprung’s Disease

A

Congenital megacolon

absence of myenteric plexus
= parasympathetic motor plexus

*Meissner’s plexus is chemosensitive

72
Q

Intussusception

A

telescoping (collapsing) of intestine onto itself

73
Q

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

IBS

A

stress related

spastic colon

distention

pain

diarrhea

74
Q

Mallory-Weiss Syndrome

A

Hematemesis (vomitting blood)
due to alcoholism

distention of esophageal veins → bleed into stomach

“Mallory Weiss tears”
= distal esophageal/proximal stomach lacerations

75
Q

Meckel’s Diverticulum

A

outpouching of distal ileum

(R side: iliocecal/distal ileum)

76
Q

Peutz Jegher’s Syndrome

A

Polyposis, characterized by polypz in the entire GI tract

beningn

77
Q

Plummer Vinson Syndrome

A

iron deficiency anemia

cheilosis

esophageal webbing
(partial esophageal occlusion)

glossitis

78
Q

Pyloric stenosis

A

Infant projectile vomitting

newborns

79
Q

Sliding hiatal hernia

A

anatomically shortened esophagus

too short

80
Q

Steatosis

A

fat in stool

problem with gallbladder

Guacamole rampage = steatosis

81
Q

Ulcerative Colitis*
“Toxic Megacolon”

A

pathological intestingal changes

ulcers

bloody diarrhea

affects L abdomen
(descending colon, sigmoid colon)

“lead pipe rigidity”

starts at colon, moves distally

82
Q

Volvulus

A

twisting of an organ around its long axis

83
Q

Zenker’s Diverticulum

A

outpouching of esophagus/pharynx

84
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

↓ADH

due to PP problem

dehydration

85
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

↓insulin production by β-cells of pancreas

1st seen in eyes

mc die from heart disease or renal failure

polydipsia, polyuria, polyphagia

(Islets of Langerhaans)

86
Q

Hemochromatosis

A

iron in organs and skin

“bronze diabetes”

*iron absorption requires vitamin C

87
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

protein malnutrition

severe edema

88
Q

Marasmus

A

calorie malnutrition, includes protein

wasting away

89
Q

Wilson’s Disease

A

inborn error of copper metabolism

Kayser-Fleisher Rings = copper deposits in eye

Hepatolenticular degeneration

90
Q

ALS
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

“Lou Gherig’s Disease”

A

anterior horn and corticospinal tracts affected

complete motor loss
no sensory loss

LMN in upper extremities
UMN in lower extremities

progressive disease

91
Q

Alzheimer’s

A

severe atrophy of cerebral cortex
progressive

↓ACh

#1 cause of dementia

50-60+ years old

92
Q

Arnold Chiari

A

Type 1
cerebellar tonsils herniate (specifically vermis)

Type 2
[Type1] + meningiomyelocele in lumbar spine

*can get syrinx because of hydrocephalus - Rexed Lamina 10

brain matter outside brain

93
Q

Brain Tumors

Astrocytoma

A

Types I and II

mc CNS tumor

best prognosis

94
Q

Brain Tumors:

Glioma

A

mc CNS tumor

95
Q

Brain Tumors:

Glioblastoma multiform

A

worst prognosis

affects cerebrum

96
Q

Brain Tumors:

Medulloblastoma

A

mc seen in cerebellar vermis in children

mc cerebellar tumor

97
Q

Brain Tumors:

Oligodendroglioma

A

slowest growing

affects cerebrum

98
Q

Brain Tumors:

Schwannoma

A

CN VIII

Acoustic neuroma

onion bulb tumor
mcc of unilateral sensorineural hearing loss

99
Q

Brain Tumors

A

mc brain tumor = Astrocytoma

mc cns tumor = Glioma

worst prognosis = Glioblastoma Multiform

mc cerebellum tumor = Medulloblastoma

slowest/cerebrum = Oligodendroglioma

CN VIII/acoustic neuroma = Schwannoma

100
Q

Friedreich’s Ataxia

A

lesions of sclerosis of spinocerebellar* tract

chromosome 9

*spinocerebellar: unconscious proprioception

(neurofibrillary tangles)

101
Q

Guillan-Barre Syndrome*
“post-infectious polyradiculopathy”

A

mc seen after recent flu or vaccination

PNS demyelination

areflexia and ascending paralysis

reaches diaphragm = fatal

102
Q

Horner’s Syndrome

A

interruption of cervical sympathetics
(trauma, pancoast tumor*)

S/Sx: ptosis, miosis, anhydrosis, enophthalmosis

*pancoast tumor @ lung apices, disrupts cervical sympathetic ganglia

103
Q

Leprosy
“Hansen’s Disease”

A

liquefactive necrosis

skin damage

sensory nerve destruction
(early sign = feels no pain)

104
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

CNS demyelinization
and plaquing of spinal cord or brain

  • *Charcot’s Triad (SIN)**
  • *s**canning speech, intention tremor, nystagmus

distal mms affected
visual disturbances

Corticospinal tracts* affected

105
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

formation of antibodies against ACh receptors
@ myoneural junction

Thymoma: thymus enlargment

progressive weakness and fatigue

Starts in ocular muscles, worse at end of day
diplopia: dbl vision

tight, sore mms in jaw and hands

autoimmune

Corticospinal tracts affected

106
Q

Neurofibromatosis
“Von Recklinghausen’s Disease”

A

Café au Lait spots

“coast of California” appearance

107
Q

Onion Bulb Tumor

A

Schwann cell tumor

108
Q

Parkinson’s Disease
“Paralysis Agitans”

A

↓dopamine in basal ganglia

difficulty starting/stopping motion
inability to move + tremor = “cogwheel rigidity”

Inclusions: Lewy Bodies

masked faces, stooped posture, resting tremor,
shuffling/propulsive gait

Substantia nigra of mesencephalon
affected

109
Q

PLS
Posterolateral Sclerosis

“Combined Systems Disease”

A

Longstanding B12 deficiency* (Pernicious Anemia) → PLS

Dorsal columns and corticospinal tract affected

*lack of intrinsic factor

110
Q

Poliomyelitis

A

Affects brainstem, then CNs, possibly breathing apparatus

If affects anterior horn = produces LMNL

<em>(Polio transmission = oral/fecal)</em>

111
Q

Syringomyelia

A

cystlike formation from central canal of sc

leads to loss of pain/temperature, bilaterally
+ signs of UMNL in upper ext

“cape-like” distribution of pins and needles sensation
(shoulders, arms, back)

Caused by syrinx (central dilation of sc)

112
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff

A

Alcoholic psychosis with dementia

Thiamine (B1) depletion
due to severe alcoholism over time

Destroys: Wernicke’s area @ angular gyrus, temporal lobe

113
Q

Tumors, Cancers, Cysts

Benign vs Malignant

A

Benign

  • slow-growing
  • encapsulated
  • non-destructive
  • asymptomatic, usually
  • short zone of transition
  • easily removed
  • “-oma” (usually)

Malignant

  • non-encapsulated
  • long zone of transition
  • periosteal reactions if in bone
  • deep, boring night pain
  • weight loss
  • fevers, night sweats
  • metastases
    • automatically worst grade
    • mcc bone cancer
  • “-carcinoma”
  • “-sarcoma”
114
Q

Aneurysmal Bone Cyst
“ABC”

A

benign

metaphyseal/diaphyseal
(without crossing growth plate)

eccentric: not at center of bone

“Blister of Bone”
blisters, bubbles

115
Q

Brown’s Tumor*

A

“tumor-like” radiolucency

loss of bone density
from hyperparathyroidism (↑PTH)
116
Q

Chordoma

A

cancer mc seen in sacrum

crosses jts

(notochord remnants)

National Boards Part I (9 decks)

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