Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ELM3 - reproduction, development & aging > spermatogenesis & oogenesis/ovulation > Flashcards

spermatogenesis & oogenesis/ovulation Flashcards

1
Q

How long does it take for a sperm to be produced?

A

64 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What stimulation is required to initiate spermatogenesis?

A

Stimulation from testosterone and also Sertole Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the precursor cells used by the body to make sperm?

A

Spermatagonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How are spermatogonia formed in the testes during embryological development?

A

Spermatogonia migrate from the yolk sac to the testes and remain dormant until puberty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 2 fates of spermatogonia when they undergo mitosis?

A
  1. Type A spermatogonia - will perpetually undergo mitosis and serve as stem cells
  2. Type B spermatogonia - will differentiate into diploid primary spermatocytes and from there become sperm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the process of spermatogenesis from spermatogonia to spermatozoa?

A
  1. spermatogonia form Type A and Type B spermatogonia via mitosis
  2. Type B differentitae into diploid pimary spermatocytes.
  3. These undergo meiosis 1 and product 2 haploid secondary spermatocytes
  4. These undergo meiosis 2 and each form 2 spermatids.
  5. The final 4 spermatids will undergo spermiogenesis to develop accessory structures to become spermatozoa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which hormones are involved in the regulation of spermatogenesis?

A

GnRH, FSH, LH, testosterone, inhibin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the role of LH in spermatogenesis?

A

Stimulates Leydig cells to produce testosterone, which promotes spermatogenesis and male sex characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of FSH in spermatogenesis?

A

FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to produce proteins important for nurturing sperm and maintaining fertility. FSH also acts directly on spermatogenic cells to promote spermatogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is oogenesis?

A

The process by which oogonia are transformed into mature ova

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How are oogonia formed embryologically?

A

Primordial germ cells form in the embryo at 5-6 weeks and then migrate to the ovaries where they differentiate to form oogonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the embryological process through which oogonia form primary oocytes, of which there is a fixed number at birh?

A

Oogonia undergo mitosis to produce diploid primary oocytes until the 3rd trimester. These then begin meiosis 1, until a block occurs causing arrest of cell division. This leaves a fixed number of cells arrested at meiosis 1 at birth. The next phase of division will resume at puberty.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do oocytes sit in the ovaries?

A

They are surrounded by granulosa cells, forming primordial follicles and then developing further into primary and secondary follicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What happens to secondary oocytes during the menstrual cycle?

A

Each cycle, one secondary oocyte in one ovary will develop into a Graafian/Antral Follicle (fully mature follicle). The other secondary follicles will die through atresia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What stimulates primary oocytes to complete meiosis 1 and become secondary oocytes?

A

A rise in LH and FSH,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the ovarian reserve?

A

The number of oocytes in primordial follicles that remain in the ovaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the cells that make up an antral follicle?

A

Outer theca cells, and inner granulosa cells

18
Q

What is the function of theca cells in follicle?

A

Produce androgens

19
Q

What is the function of granulosa cells in an antral follicle?

A

Convert androgens produced by theca cells into oestrogen

20
Q

When will meiosis II of an oocyte be completed?

A

Only when a secondary oocyte is fertilised by a sperm

21
Q

What are the 4 products of male gametogenesis?

A

4 spermatozoa (so four gametes)

22
Q

What are the 4 products of female gametogenesis?

A

1 oocyte (gamete), while the other 3 daughter cells become polar bodies

23
Q

What are the 2 phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

Follicular phase, luteal phase

24
Q

What days of the ovarian cycle make up the follicular phase?

A

Days 1-14

25
Q

What days of the ovarian cycle make up the luteal phase?

A

days 15-28

26
Q

Which day of the ovarian cycle does ovulation typically occur?

A

Day 14

27
Q

What are the steps of the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, including the hormonal changes at each stage?

A
  1. rising levels of FSH from the anterior pituitary encourage the development of a secondary follicle to an antral follicle.
  2. granulosa cells of the follicle secrete oestrogen, causing levels to rise and feedback to the pituitary to reduce FSH and LH secretion.
  3. when oestrogen levels get very high on day 13, feedback becomes positive, and instead stimulate LH and FSH release.
  4. the LH surge causes ovulation, as the follicle burst and the oocyte is released for uptake by the Fallopian tube
  5. oestrogen levels rapidly decline
28
Q

What are the two sub-phases of the luteal phase?

A

Post-ovulatory phase, pre-menstrual phase

29
Q

What drives the hormonal changes in the luteal phase?

A

Hormone release from the corpus luteum

30
Q

What hormones are produced by the corpus luteum?

A

Progesterone, oestrogen, inhibin

31
Q

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur?

A

It will involute to become the corpus albicans, and progesterone and oestrogen levels will decline to stimulate menstruation

32
Q

What is the fate of the corpus luteum if fertilisation occurs?

A

Corpus luteum will not degenerate and will continue to produce progesterone to support the pregnancy. After 3 months, the placenta will take over progesterone secretion.

33
Q

What is the role of progesterone in early pregnancy?

A

Prepares the uterine wall for pregnancy, and prevents further follicular development and ovulation

34
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

A cycle of changes to the endometrium, which occurs simultaneous to the ovarian cycle

35
Q

Which days of the menstrual cycle does menstruation occur?

A

Days 1-5 approx.

36
Q

What are 2 key phases of the menstrual cycle?

A

The proliferative phase (days 1-14),
The secretory phase (days 15-28)

37
Q

What triggers menstruation?

A

Low progesterone levels, as the corpus luteum involutes

38
Q

What happens to the uterus during menstruation?

A

Endometrial arteries contract, and there is sloughing of tissue of the endometrium

39
Q

What triggers the post-menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle (days 6-14)?

A

Rising oestrogen levels, which is released by the maturing follicle

40
Q

What happens to the uterus during the post-menstrual phase?

A

Oestrogen stimulates thickening of the endometrium, and the development of glands and spiral arteries

41
Q

What changes occur during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum stimulates thickening of the endometrium and endometrial gland growth and secretion, in preparation for fertilisation and implantation.

ELM3 - reproduction, development & aging (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions