reproductive pathologies Flashcards
What are the symptoms of PCOS?
Infertility, irregular menstrual bleeding, pelvic pain, hirsutism
What is the pathophysiology of PCOS?
In the ovaries, several follicles develop, rather than one that becomes large. Thus, the ovaries cannot release an oocyte, hormone levels become abnormal, and the thecal cells in the follicles release androgens
What is preeclampsia?
A condition where there is decreased blood flow ti the foetus, resulting in the placenta releasing mediators that increase maternal blood pressure to increase blood flow to the placenta. This results in hypertension, proteinuria and even organ damage
What is a molar pregnancy?
When a non-viable fertilised egg implants into the uterus, leading to some symptoms of early pregnancy and a very high hCG level. If left untreated will lead to a spontaneous abortion
Which pathogens are able to cross the placenta and commonly cause neonatal infections?
TORCH: toxoplasma, other (listeria, strep), rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex virus
What are the signs of infection in a neonate?
Poor feeding ,small for gestational age, fever, rash, hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice
What are the developmental issues associated with foetal infections?
Hearing loss, blindness, brain damage/developmental delays
What are the risk factors for developing a sexually transmitted infection?
high number of sexual partners, not using condoms, types of sexual contact (e.g. anal sex)
What public health interventions reduced transmission of STIs?
encouraging condom use, HPV vaccination, GP STI screening, prophylactic antivirals for those at risk of HIV
What are the common bacterial STIs?
Syphyllis, gonorrhoea, chlamydia
What are the common viral STIs?
Genital herpes simplex, Anogenital warts (HPV)
Which STIs may cause pelvic inflammatory disease?
Gonorrhoea, Chlamydia
What are the general symptoms of STIs?
Urethritis, vaginitis/cervicitis, purulent discharge, pain, epidydimitis
What is the major difference between symptoms of chlamydia and gonorrhoea?
Gonorrhoea presents with thick yellow/white/green purulent discharge, while chlamydia causes clear/milky discharge from the penis/vagina
What is the most important feature of gonorrhoea and chlamydia for clinicians to understand?
They are usually asymptomatic - but can still causes PID, infertility and neonate infections! Need to screen!
