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Anatomy And Physiology > Spermatogenesis, oogenesis & fertilisation > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis, oogenesis & fertilisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the testes

A

Male reproductive glands, suspended in the scrotum
Size- 4.5 cm x 2.5cm x 3cm
3 layers

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2
Q

What is the tunica vaginalis in the testes

A

Outer covering of membrane formed from peritoneum

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3
Q

What is the tunica albuginea of the testes

A

Fibrous covering, forms septa which divides testes into lobes

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4
Q

What is tunica vasculosa of the testes

A

Network of capillaries

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5
Q

What are the internal structures of the testis

A

Seminiferous tubules, leydig cells, epididymis and vascular deferens

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6
Q

What are the seminiferous tubules of testis

A

Convoluted loops of germinal epithelium, produce spermatozoa

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7
Q

What is leydig cells of the testis

A

Lie between seminiferous tubules, produce testosterone after puberty

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8
Q

What is epididymis of the testis

A

Single highly convoluted tubule forming a mass at upper pole of testis - 6cm long

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9
Q

What is a vas deferens of the testis

A

Duct formed from epididymis as it leaves the scrotum

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10
Q

What is spermatic cord of the testis

A

Suspend testes in scrotum contains vas deferens, blood, lymph vessels and nerves

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11
Q

What is the blood supply to testis

A

Testicular arteries and veins

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12
Q

What is the nerve supply to testis

A

Branch of 10th/11th thoracic nerve- ilioinguinal nerve

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13
Q

What are seminal vesicles

A

2 fibromuscular pouches, 5cm long
Lie at posterior base of the bladder
Join vas deferens by small duct to form ejaculatory duct which then joins urethra
Secrete seminal fluid ( alkaline)
Neutralises acidic environment of female reproductive tract of intercourse
Provide energy for sperm and assists coagulation of semen after intercourse

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14
Q

What is the prostate

A

Doughnut shaped gland - 4cm x 3cm x 2cm
Inferior to bladder and surrounds urethra

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15
Q

What is the function of the prostate

A

Produces milky coloured prostatic fluid composing 30% of volume of semen
Slightly acidic nature helps semen coagulate after intercourse then breaks down this clot

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16
Q

What are the bulbourethral glands associated with the prostate

A

Pea sized glands inferior to prostate alkaline fluid to protect sperm and secrete mucus to lubricate penis prior to intercourse

17
Q

What is the penis

A

External male sex organ
Passage for ejaculation of semen and excretion of urine
Root and body- root in perineum- body surrounds urethra
Composed of 3 columns of erectile tissue

18
Q

What is the corpora cavernosa

A

2 lateral columns

19
Q

What is the corpus spongiosum

A

Midventral column containing urethra

20
Q

What is a glans penis

A

Expanded triangular distal end covered with retractable foreskin- prepuce

21
Q

What two ligaments support penis

A

Fundiform and supensory ligaments

22
Q

What is the blood supply to penis

A

Branches of internal pudendal arteries and veins

23
Q

What is the nerve supply to penis

A

Autonomic and somatic nerves

24
Q

What is erection of sexual inercourse

A

Caused by parasympathetic stimulus resulting in massive increase of blood to fill the corpus cavernosa and corpus spongiosum

25
Q

What is ejaculation in sexual intercourse

A

Sympathetic reflex, bladder sphincter closes, peristaltic action of vas deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory ducts and prostate propel semen into the penile urethra
Has two phases

26
Q

What happens in 1st phase in ejaculation

A

The vas deferens contract to squeeze the sperm toward the base of the penis and the prostate gland and seminal vesicles release secretions to make semen

27
Q

What happens in. 2nd phase of ejaculation

A

Muscles at the base of the penis contract every 0.8 seconds and force the semen out of the penis in up to 5 spurts

28
Q

What is male puberty

A

Average onset age - 12/13 yrs
Influenced mainly by body mass
Triggered by gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) from hypothalamus stimulating release of FSH and LH
Causes considerable body change
LH from anterior pituitary gland stimulates production of testosterone from the interstitial cells in the testes, which stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics

29
Q

What are the secondary sex characteristics of male puberty

A

Growth of muscle and bone
Increase in height and weight
Growth of hair on the face,axillae,chest,abdomen and pubis
Enlargement of the penis,scrotum and prostate gland
Maturation of seminiferous tubules and production of spermatozoa
Thickening of skin, becomes oilier

30
Q

What is spermatogenesis

A

Process of the formation of male gametes in the testes
In early foetal development primordial germ cells differentiate into spermatogonia
Spermatogonia remains dormant until puberty
Males will develop approx 500 billion sperm in their lifetime with up to 1 billion shed a month

31
Q

What is spermatozoa

A

Produced by spermatogenesis in the seminiferous tubules of the testes and mature as they pass through the long and convoluted epididymis where they are stored
FSH can stimulate sperm production

32
Q

What does a mature spermatozoon have

A

Has a head, a body and a long whip-like tail used for mobility
Head - almost completely filled by nucleus which contains DNA, as contains enzymes required to penetrate outer layers of the ovum to reach and fuse with nucleus
Body- packed with mitochondria to fuel the propelling action of the tail that powers it along

33
Q

Explain the head of the sperm

A

Acrosome- contains enzymes required for penetration of oocyte
Nucleus- contains chromosomes

34
Q

Explain midpiece of the sperm

A

Contains mitochondria which supply energy to the sperm

35
Q

Explain the tail of the sperm

A

Flagellum to transport sperm

36
Q

What is the 1st stage of spermatogenesis

A

Differentiation - primordial germ cell to spermatogonium
Mitosis- spermatogonium to primary spermatocytes

37
Q

What is 2nd stage of spermatogenesis

A

Meiosis 1 - primary spermatocyte to secondary spermatocytes
Meiosis 2 - secondary spermatocytes to spermatids
Spermiogenesis - spermatids to spermatozoa

38
Q

What are the stages of fertilisation

A

1) sperm deposition
2) capacitation
3) penetration of corona radiata- granules a cells, occurs by acrosome reaction
4) penetration of zona pellucida- glycoprotein layer between corona radiata and oocyte membrane
5) fusion of sperm cell membrane with oocyte cell membrane
6) oocyte competes meiosis 2 ( becomes ovum)
7) gamete fusion ( becomes zygote)

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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