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Anatomy And Physiology > Cell Function And Homeostasis > Flashcards

Cell Function And Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nucleus

A

Largest organelle which is within all cells (minus rbcs) and it contains genetic material

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2
Q

What is the function of plasma membrane

A

Controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell regulating intracellular environment

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3
Q

What is the function of the ribosome

A

Synthesise protein from amino acids using RNA template

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4
Q

What is the function of mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration with O2 and ATP ( which can be used to make energy)

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5
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis lipids and steroids hormones

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6
Q

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Studded with ribosomes which synthesis protein and leave by exocytosis

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7
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus

A

Synthesised proteins are packaged and stored here

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8
Q

What is the function of lysosome

A

Small membranous vesicles containing enzymes

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9
Q

What is the function of chromatin

A

Helps compact DNA from longer strands into smaller packages as part of mitosis

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10
Q

What is the function of centrioles

A

Are responsible for producing cellular spindles in mitosis as well as making micro tubules

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11
Q

What are the three ways that substances can move through the cell membrane

A

Osmosis, diffusion and active transport

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12
Q

What is the definition of osmosis

A

Movement of water from and area of high concentration to an area of low concentration ( down a concentration gradient)

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13
Q

What is the definition of diffusion

A

Movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area to low concentration

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14
Q

What is the definition of active transport

A

Transport of substances up the concentration gradient requiring energy and carriers e.g Na/K pump

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15
Q

How many cell types are there

A

Approx 200 cell types

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16
Q

What are some examples of these cell types

A

Stem cells, erythrocytes , leukocytes, platelets, neurons, neuroglial cells, myocytes and chrondrocytes

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17
Q

What are the different types of cell actions

A

Reproduce, nourishment ( create and maintain), movement ( energy and transport) , excretion ( get rid of waste) , growth and respiration

18
Q

What are examples of cells in action

A

Red blood cells - carry oxygen
Kidney tubule cells - controls water & salt excretion
Cardiac cells - contract & control heart pumping
Cartilage- structural support
Neurone - conduct electrical impulses
Sperm - convey genetic material for reproduction

19
Q

What are the four different types of cellular tissue types

A

Connective tissue, epithelial tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue

20
Q

What is connective tissue

A

Lattice shape, most abundant type of cells - binding, supporting, protecting ( e.g. cartilage , blood, adipose, bone)

21
Q

What is epithelial tissue

A

Cells forming continuous sheets often lining body cavities ( e.g. skin, gut lining , glands )

22
Q

What is muscle tissue

A

Skeletal muscle under voluntary control, attached to bone for motion/ posture

23
Q

What is the two different types of muscle tissue

A

Smooth muscle and cardiac muscle

24
Q

What is smooth muscle

A

Forming walls of tubes e.g. airways, blood vessels, gut, bladder, uterus for propulsion of substances

25
Q

What is cardiac muscle

A

Under involuntary control causing the heart to pump

26
Q

What is nervous tissue

A

Neurones conduct electrical impulses throughout the body ( e.g. brain, spinal cord ) to control body function/ movement

27
Q

What is the order of organismal development

A

1) chemical level
2) cellular level
3) tissue level
4) organ level
5) system level
6) organismal level

28
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Cell suicide and helps to avoid continuous replication as well as important to allow new cells to grow

29
Q

What is necrosis

A

Cell damage/ disease

30
Q

What are some cells that continually replaced

A

Gut epithelium ( turnover every 3 days ) and skin epidermis ( turnover every 2-4 weeks)

31
Q

What are some cells that aren’t replaced

A

Muscle
Nervous system (50% of cells will die by the time we are old)

32
Q

What occurs in aging

A

Mitosis lows down so cels that die aren’t replaced which causes signs of aging

33
Q

How does apoptosis affect aging

A

Can increase in some cells causing disease e.g. Alzheimer’s where valuable nerve cells die more quickly
It can also stop which causes cells to ver divide causing tumors

34
Q

What is homeostasis

A

When conditions in the internal environment are maintained within physiological limits

35
Q

What occurs when homeostasis is disturbed

A

Illness may result, if body cells aren’t brought back death may occur

36
Q

What must be kept constant to protect the cell

A

Chemical constitutions
Osmotic pressure
Temperature
O2/CO2 levels

37
Q

How does homeostasis work

A

Receptors
Having a control system
Effectors

38
Q

How is high body temperature controlled

A

Receptors = skin& hypothalamus receptors
Control system= hypothalamus & pituitary glands
Effector= sweating & skin capillary vasodilation
Corrective response = heat loss

39
Q

How is low body temperature controlled

A

Receptors = skin & hypothalamus
Control system = hypothalamus & pituitary gland
Effector= skin hairs stand on end, skin capillary vasoconstriction, shivering
Corrective response = heat gain

40
Q

What is negative feedback

A

If response reverses original stimulus ( goes back to normal levels)

41
Q

What is positive feedback

A

If response enhances original stimulus ( continues to reinforce the original stimulus)

Anatomy And Physiology (19 decks)

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