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Repro husbandry > Spermatogenesis and semen evaluation > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis and semen evaluation Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the order of cells produced in spermatogenesis

A 
Stem cells
Spermatogonia
Primary spermatocytes
Secondary spermatocytes
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
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2
Q

What are the 3 aims of spermatogenesis?

A

Create genetic diversity
Produce spermatozoa capable of fertilisation
Replenish supply of primordial stem cells

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3
Q

What are the 3 phases of spermatogenesis?

A

Spermatocytogenesis (proliferation)
Spermatidogenesis (meiotic phase)
Spermiogenesis (differentiation)

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4
Q

What is the 1st phase of spermatogenesis and what happens?

A

Spermatocytogenesis - formation of primary spermatocytes from spermatogonia

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5
Q

What is the 2nd phase of spermatogenesis and what happens?

A

Spermatidogenesis - formation of spermatids from primary spermatocytes
(Create genetic diversity)

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6
Q

What is the 3rd phase of spermatogenesis and what happens?

A

Spermiogenesis - forming spherical shaped spermatids with enzymes and DNA

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7
Q

What is the blood testis barrier? What is its purpose?

A

Physical barrier between blood vessels and seminiferous tubules
Prevent sperm entering blood stream

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8
Q

What does the sperm-testis barrier do? Which stage of germ cells does it separate?

A

Separate basal and adlumenal compartments of seminiferous tubules
Separates spermatogonia and spermatocytes

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9
Q

What is the function of Leydig cells and Sertoli cells?

A

Leydig cells produce testosterone

Sertoli cells aid spermatogenesis

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10
Q

Which germ cell in the testes has the longest lifespan?

A

Primary spermatocyte

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11
Q

Are spermatids diploid or haploid? Are they genetically unique or identical?

A

Haploid

Genetically unique

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12
Q

What is the spermatogenic wave?

A

The differences at any given time across the seminiferous tubule
Each section of tubule contains different stage of sperm development

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13
Q

How long does spermatogenesis roughly take?

A

1-2 months

depending on species

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14
Q

Briefly describe the endocrinology leading to the production of FSH and LH

A

Hypothalamus produces GnRH
GnRH travels in blood to anterior pituitary
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary gland to produce FSH and LH

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15
Q

Spermatazoa are produced in the testes. How long does it take for them to pass through the epididymis?
What happens to them throughout the epididymis?

A

1-2 weeks
Mature and develop motility in head and body of epididymis
Stored in the tail

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16
Q

The tail of the epididymis stores enough spermatozoa for multiple ejaculations. Does copulation frequency impact on time taken for spermatogenesis?

A

No

Increased copulation decreases spermatozoa density

17
Q

Describe the structure of the head of a spermatozoa

A

Head has nucleus
Acrosome
Post nuclear cap
Varies between species

18
Q

What does the acrosome contain?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes to penetrate zona pellucida

19
Q

The tail is a self powered flagellum. What 3 pieces does it consist of?

A

Principle piece
Middle piece
Terminal piece

20
Q

What is semen?

A

Fluid released at ejaculation

21
Q

What are the 3 seminal fractions and describe their consistency?

A

Pre-spermatazoal fraction = watery
Spermatozoa rich fraction = creamy
Post-spermatozoal fraction = gelatinous

22
Q

What contaminants may be found in a sperm sample?

A 
Blood 
Bacteria
Pus 
Urine
Dirt
23
Q

What should be evaluated when looking at a semen sample? How are they scored?

A 
Volume
Colour 
Appearance
Live:dead ratio
Mass motility/wave motion
1-5
24
Q

What is the difference between an electroejaculation sample and a natural insemination sample?

A

EEJ sample are more dilute as more accessory gland secretion

25
Q

What should mass/motility wave motion of semen resemble?

A

Clouds

26
Q

A live:dead ratio can be calculated from a semen sample. Spermatozoa are very sensitive to timing, handling and staining. What can damage them?

A

Cold temperatures - keep all collecting equipment warm
Water
Bright light
Etc

27
Q

What instrument is used to calculate spermatozoa density?

A

Haemocytometer

28
Q

How can sperm defects be categorised?

A

Primary or secondary
Compensable or non-compensable
Head or tail

29
Q

Give some examples of spermatozoa head abnormalities

A

Crater defect (vacuoles)
Tapered heads
Ruffled/knobbed acrosome

30
Q

Give some examples of spermatozoa tail abnormalities?

A

Coiled/folded tail
Detached tail
Double midpiece

Repro husbandry (11 decks)

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