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Repro husbandry > Reproductive technologies > Flashcards

Reproductive technologies Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we do pregnancy diagnosis?

A 
To identify if pregnant or not (if not rebreed or cull)
To see if foetus is viable
To see litter size
To see due date
To see foetus sex
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2
Q

What is an advantages of rectal palpation?

A

No equipment

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3
Q

What are the disadvantages of rectal palpation?

A

Large animals only
Misdiagnosis
Need to be 35 days in cow and 30 in horse

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4
Q

When can ultrasound be done for PD in cattle?

A

From 28 days (1 week earlier than rectal)

Whole foetus visible by 59 days

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5
Q

When can ultrasound be done in PD for sheep?

A

71 days (2 months)

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6
Q

Why is placenta thickness measured during an ultrasound?

A

Check for placentitis

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7
Q

Hormone assays can be used for pregnancy diagnosis. Which hormones are present?

A

Progesterone day 0-21
Pregnancy associated proteins
Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin
Oestrone sulphate

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8
Q

How can PD be carried out in small animals?

A

Palpation
Ultrasound
Radiography

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9
Q

What is a disadvantage of palpating for PD in SA?

A

Only from days 20-34

After this, no longer identifiable as individual swellings

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10
Q

X-rays can be used for PD in small animals. When can this be done? What is a precaution?

A

After day 42 - skeletons have ossified

Don’t do in first 2 trimesters as risk for foetus development

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11
Q

What are the advantages of AI?

A 
Large genetic pool (can use overseas semen)
Known traits
Biosecurity
Controllable 
No male required
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12
Q

What are the disadvantages of AI?

A

Oestrus detection and control
Handling
Cost?

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13
Q

What diseases are bulls tested against before semen collection?

A

TB

Veneral diseases

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14
Q

What may be added to semen?

A

Antibiotics against campylobacter, leptospirosis and mycoplasma

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15
Q

How many straws does 1 ejaculation give?

A

300

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16
Q

When does ovulation occur in a cow?

A

12-18 hours AFTER oestrus

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17
Q

What should be done to a straw before AI?

A

Thaw in water bath

Wipe dry as water is spermicidal

18
Q

Who is able to carry out AI?

A

Any trained personnel

19
Q

How can semen be sexed? How accurate is this? What is a problem with this?

A

X sperm contain more DNA So attracts more fluorescent dye
Around 85% accurate
Lowers pregnancy rates

20
Q

How can pregnancy rate by AI be improved?

A

Insert deep in uterine

Ipsilateral to corpus luteum

21
Q

What is MOET?

A

Multiple ovulation and embryo transfer

22
Q

Why may MOET be done?

A

Superior genetics

Seasonal breading

23
Q

What are the advantages of IVF?

A

Females with problems (e..g blocked oviduct) able to get pregnant
Maiden animals
No donor hormones needed
Genetic diversification - rare semen can be used on multiple females

24
Q

What are the disadvantages of IVF compared to AI?

A

More invasive
More technical
Low pregnancy rate
Sex ratio towards male offspring

25
Q

What cells can be used for nuclear cloning?

A

Any adult somatic cell

26
Q

What is flushing in animal husbandry?

A

Increasing nutrient intake and BCS prior to breeding

27
Q

How can litter size be controlled?

A

Flushing
Progestogen
PMSG

28
Q

Twins are undesirable in cattle and horses. Which cows have a higher twin ovulation rate?

A

High yielding cows

29
Q

What hormone can be given to sows to induce parturition? When is it given and when is birth expected?

A

PGF2a (can be with carbetocin)
Day 114
Within 36 hours

30
Q

Why may parturition be induced?

A

So gives birth whist supervised
Dam diseased
Oversized neonate

31
Q

Gestation length is never definite. What influences gestation length?

A

Breed
Male factor
Gender of neonate
Time of breeding (Spring longer in some species - mare/alpaca)

32
Q

Why may carbetocin be given 24 hrs after PGF2a to induce parturition in sows?

A

Lower stillbirth rate
More uniform weaning waits
Lower mortality preweaning

33
Q

What may cattle/sheep be given to induce parturition?

A

Corticosteroids (long, medium or short acting)

PGF2a

34
Q

What should be considered when inducing parturition in cattle/sheep?

A

Calfs don’t survive prior 260
Lambs don’t survive prior to 138
Most consider calf vs cow

35
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using corticosteroids to initiate parturition?

A

Prepare foetus - mature lungs
Widen birth canal
Takes longer

36
Q

What is given for misalliance in mares? When?

A

Fluprostenol

Day 35

37
Q

What is given for misalliance in bitches? When?

A

Oestradiol benzoate

Day 3 and 5

38
Q

What is given for misalignment in cow? When?

A

PGF2a

Day 6 and 150 s

39
Q

What is misalignment?

A

Pregnancy termination

40
Q

What hormones can be used to suppress reproduction?

A 
Progestogens 
Oxytocin 
Testosterone (bitch)
Megestrol acetate
GnRH vaccine w

Repro husbandry (11 decks)

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