Neonatal adaptation Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the properties that make a species altricial

A
Short gestation
Large litter size
Poor ambulation (movement)
Poor homeostatsis
Greater maternal care
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2
Q

Describe the properties that make a species precocial

A
Long gestation length
Small litter size
Immediate ambulation 
Rapid onset of homeostasis
Lesser maternal care
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3
Q

What are the consequences if intrauterine growth retardation is mild? What about if it’s severe?

A
Mild = neonate maladjustment
Severe = abortion
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4
Q

What is the function of the foramen oval, ductus arteriosus and ductus venosus?

A

Foramen ovale - allow blood to pass from R-L atria
Ductus arteriosus - connects pulmonary artery to aorta (bypass lungs)
Ductus venosus - connect L umbilical vein to vena cava - bypass liver

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5
Q

What are characteristics of prematurity?

A

Absent suckling reflex
Patent foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus
Little body fat
Thin skin

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6
Q

How does the foramen ovale close?

A

Lung circulation increase pressure in left atrium

Causes septum primundum to be pushed against septum secondum

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7
Q

What causes the ductus arteriosus to close?

A

Sensing oxygenated blood

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8
Q

What happens to neonatal circulation after birth?

A

Umbilical veins collapse
Umbilical arteries and urachus retract into abdomen
Formane ovale closes
Ductus arteriosus and venosus close

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9
Q

Do alveoli develop mainly pre or post partum in precocial and altricial species?

A
Mainly prepartum (precocial)
Mainly postpartum (altricial)
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10
Q

When do type II alveolar cells start producing surfactant?

A

Late gesttaion

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11
Q

What happens to lung fluid after parturition?

A

Most physically removed

Some absorbed

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12
Q

What physiologically stimulates breathing in a neonate?

A

Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Respiratory acidosis - sensed by medulla oblongata

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13
Q

What physically stimulates breathing in a neonate?

A

Low temperature
Tactile stimuli
Gravity
Air on nares

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14
Q

Why do neonates have a pliable ribcage?

A

Active inspiration and active expiration

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15
Q

How do the lungs physically expand?

A

Gasping against closed glottis

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16
Q

Neonates have shivering and non-shivering thermogenesis. How do mammals manage non-shivering thermogenesis?

17
Q

How are foals adapted for non-shivering thermogenesis

A

Endogenous glycogen

18
Q

Thoroughbred foals have a higher metabolic rate than other breeds. Does this make them more or less tolerant to cold?

19
Q

How long does gut flora are to form?

A

Several weeks

20
Q

How do the functions of the liver change after birth?

A

Pre birth = blood forming organ

After birth = metabolic organ

21
Q

How does the number of WBCs compare in neonates to adults?

A

Neonates have more neutrophils

Have 1/3 of B lymphocytes

22
Q

Are non-immune effector cells fully active at birth? What about CMI? What about complement?

A

Non-immune effector = yes
CMI = yes
Complement = not fully active yet

23
Q

When do neonates acquire their own Igs? How do they have them before?

A

Few days old

Epithelia chorial placenta

24
Q

How are neonates immune systems able to respond to pathogens at birth?

A

Able to respond to soluble protein antigens

Not viruses/bacteria/protozoa until few weeks old (not full response)

25
At what point of gestation do the kidneys become functional? How do they excrete waste?
Half way through gestation | Excrete urine via urachus
26
What changes happen in the urinary system after birth? What does this result in?
Increased GFR Increased renin Increased aldosterone Large volume of hypotonic urine
27
When do neonates gain consciousness?
After birth
28
What parts of the neurological system are present at birth?
Pupillary light reflex | Suckling reflex
29
What parts of the neurological system develop early on after birth?
``` Other reflexes - righting reflex, withdrawal reflex Skin sensation (+/- hyperaesthesia) ```
30
When do foetal movements begin?
Mid gestation
31
Describe the stance and gait of neonates
Wide stance | Exaggerate gait
32
Which species has neonates with well ossified skeletal systems?
Horse
33
Describe the tendons and ligaments in a neonate
Laxity | Loose