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Repro husbandry > Breeding horses > Flashcards

Breeding horses Flashcards

1
Q

At what age do mares and stallions go through puberty?

A

1-2 years old

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2
Q

At what age can you breed mares? What is the optimum age?

A

2 years old

Optimum = 5-6

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3
Q

What is the optimal BCS at conception?

A

3

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4
Q

What should be done to athletic horses before conception and why?

A

‘Let down’ 1 month before conception

Athletic fitness suppresses regular ovarian function

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5
Q

Why may horses with a winter coat struggle to conceive?

A

Winter coat = rarely exhibits regular cyclicity

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6
Q

It is essential for horses to have integrity of the 3 seals in the caudal repro tract. What are these?

A

Vulva seal
Vestibule seal
Cervical seal

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7
Q

What happens if the seals of the caudal repro tract are insuffiecient?

A

Air borne contamination

Causes endometritis

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8
Q

What degree should the craniocaudal vulva slope be? What can be done to alter this?

A

10 degrees of vertical

Vulvo-plasty

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9
Q

What type of breeders are horses?

A

Seasonal, long day polyoestrus breeders

Ponies very seasonal

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10
Q

When is horse repro status maximal?

A

During longest day length - Spring to early Summer

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11
Q

How can lighting be used for breeding mares?

A

Extend light to 16 hours a day - switch on just before sunset
Effect in 2-3 months

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12
Q

In Spring, horses have irregular oestrus behaviour and multiple follicles on the ovary. How long is the normal cycle in a horse?

A

21 days

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13
Q

How long is oestrus in a horse?

A

3-7 days

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14
Q

When does ovulation occur in a horse? Where do horses ovulate from?

A

24-48 hrs before end of oestrus

Ovulator fossa

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15
Q

Are the corpus luteum palpable on a horse? How many follicular waves do they have?

A

No

Usually one follicular wave but can have two

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16
Q

How long is diestrus (not receptive) in a horse?

A

14-17 days

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17
Q

When does spontaneous luteolysis occur in a horse? What hormone causes this and where is it released from?

A

13-16 days after ovulation

PGF2a - from endometrium

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18
Q

Superovulation is the drug induced production of multiple eggs for IVF. What anatomical fetaure of the horse stops super ovulation from being possible?

A

Ovulatory fossa

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19
Q

At what ages does an embryo become reabsorbed if it dies?

A

0-40 days

20
Q

At what age does an embryo become stillborn/premature if it dies?

A

300-335 days

21
Q

If a horse has a uni-cornual twin pregnancy, what is the outcome for the foetuses?

A

Usually one survives

22
Q

If a horse has a bicornual twin pregnancy, what is the most likely outcome for the foetuses?

A

One foetus aborts

physically destroy smaller twin

23
Q

What causes a foetus to die in a twin pregnancy?

A

Placental insuffficiency

24
Q

How can pregnancy diagnosis be carried out in a horse?

A

Rectal ultrasound
Rectal palpation
Blood endocrinology

25
Q

At what day of the pregnancy can ultrasound be used? What about rectal palpation? What about blood endocrinology?

A

Ultrasound from day 11
Manual from day 30
eCG in blood from day 40

26
Q

What is the HBLB code of practice?

A

Mares certified free of transmissible ventral disease before arriving for swabs
(Clitoral and endometrial swabs)

27
Q

What hormone can be given if corpus luteum are minimum, and you are preparing a mare for stud? What does this cause?

A

PGF2a

Luteolysis

28
Q

How can teasing be done for mares?

A

Vasectomised stallion

29
Q

What size should corpus luteum and follicles be?

A

> 35mm for CL

Follicles 2x10mm

30
Q

What needs to happen before a natural service with a mare?

A

Wash vulva and penis immediately before
Restrain mare with twice and hobbles
Protect mares neck with neck cover
Breeding rolls to limit penetration

31
Q

At what age do stallions usually become used for natural service?

A

3-5 years old

32
Q

What are the 5 function requirements for a stallion?

A 
Libido
Mount and serve
Semen quality and quantity
Free from disease
Longevity
33
Q

How does exercise and access to the outside affect a stallions hormone levels?

A

Increases testosterone

34
Q

What should the scrotal witdth of a stallion be and at what age?

A

81 mm at 2-3 y/o
85 mm at 4-6 y/o
95 mm at 7+ y/o

35
Q

What % of their BW should stallions consume? And what proportion should be roughage and protein?

A

2-3% of BW per day
50% should be roughage
10% should be protein

36
Q

What is a common nutritional problem with stallions?

A

Obesity - mating is not intensive like sheep (do not need high BCS)

37
Q

What vitamin do they require and how is this supplied?

A

Vitamin A

Leafy greens

38
Q

In which horses is AI prohibited in?

A

Thorough bred

39
Q

What is the normal behaviour leading up to semen collection in stallions?

A

Immediate interest and erection in 2 mins
Ready to mount straight after erection
Ejaculate after 5-6 pelvic thrusts

40
Q

How long does sperm survive when fresh, chilled and frozen?

A 
Fresh = 72 hrs
Chilled = 36 hrs
Frozen = 12 hrs
41
Q

When should insemination take place?

A

48hrs before to 6 hrs after ovulation (fresh)
24hrs before to 6 hrs after ovulation (chilled)
12 hrs before to 6 hrs after (frozen)

42
Q

When does the udder develop prior to foaling?

A

3-6 wks prior

43
Q

What is teat waxing? When does it occur?

A

A way to tell she will give birth - droplets form at bottom of each teat = colostrum
6-48hrs prior to birth

44
Q

What happens in preparation of foaling?

A 
Udder preparations 
Teat waxing
Ligaments soften 
Drop in body T
Milk electrolytes
45
Q

Horses are unique in the way their oestrogen and progesterone levels change prior to foaling. Describe how the hormone levels change

A

Oestrogen decreases

Progesterone increases for few weeks then rapidly declines in days before parturition

46
Q

What is different about the placenta of the horse?

A

It is ‘inside out’

Has a calcified remnant of the yolk sac

47
Q

What happens to the navel of a foal?

A

Ruptures within minutes of birth

Repro husbandry (11 decks)

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