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ANS 331 > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

What are the 3 requirements for spermatogenesis to occur?

A

1- continuos secretion of GnRH
2- FSH & LH secretion
3- gonadal secretions

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2
Q

Lh is secreted in which type of section?

A

Pulsatile ( 4-8/24 hrs)

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3
Q

LH goes to which cell that is like a Theca interna cell?

A

Leydig

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4
Q

Leydig cells secrete?

A

Testosterone ( P4 converted into T)

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5
Q

Why must LH be pulsatile?

A

To prevent refractory from Leydig cells

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6
Q

Concentration of testosterone is 100-500x higher where?

A

In the testes compared to levels in blood

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7
Q

Sertoli cells depend on what?

A

FSH

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8
Q

FSH stays how much longer than LH?

A

3x

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9
Q

Sertoli cells are like which type of cell?

A

Granulosa

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10
Q

Testosterone is converted in Sertoli cells into what?

A

E2 and DHT

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11
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

Why is spermatogenesis consistent?

A

Because of the constant and consistent pulses from FSH & LH

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13
Q

What are the 3 phases of spematogenesis?

A

Proliferation, meiotic, differentiation

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14
Q

The phase in which synchronized mitotic divisions take place in the basal membrane and results in a diploid cell is?

A

Proliferation

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15
Q

What must happen for new spermatogonia to develop in the basal membrane?

A

Continuos stem cell renewal

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16
Q

What happens in the meiotic phase?

A

Number of chromosomes is reduced, crossing over and DNA synthesis

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17
Q

How long does it take in the bull for meiosis to occur?

A

18-19 days

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18
Q

In meiosis 1, what is the main characteristic?

A

Genetic diversity

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19
Q

What is the result of meiosis 2?

A

A haploid cell

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20
Q

In the bull, how long does it take for the spermatid to move from basal to luminal?

A

61 days

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21
Q

What’s the 3rd phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Differentiation

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22
Q

What are some things that take place in differentiation?

A

Transformation into spermatozoa, packaging, nucleus condensation, acrosome formation

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23
Q

What makes cells potentially motile?

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

The first phase in differentiation is?

A

Golgi

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25
The acrosomic vesicle formation and packaging of contents (enzymes) are events that occur in which phase?
Golgi
26
The acrosomic vesicle contained the granules. Where do these granules derive from?
Golgi apparatus
27
What centriole is responsible for implantation of tail apparatus?
Proximal
28
The distal centriole gives rise to what?
Axoneme
29
What is the 2nd phase of Differentiation?
Cap phase
30
In the Cap phase, what happens to the acrosomic vesicle ?
It spreads over the nucleus into and inner, outer membrane and has enzymes
31
The phase of Differentiation characterized by cell elongation is?
Acrosomal
32
The acrosome covers how much of the nucleus in the Acrosomic phase?
2/3
33
What 3 things form in the acrosomal phase?
Neck, annulus, manchette
34
The phase in which mitochondria migrate and form a spiral, the post nuclear cap forms and you can see a head, middle and principle piece is?
Maturation
35
What is the annulus?
The juncture between the middle and principle piece
36
What is spermiation?
The release of spermatozoa from Sertoli cells into lumen
37
Why would we package DNA in the sperm head?
To protect it during ejaculation and transport
38
What does the head of the spermicide contain?
The nucleus, the acrosome, and the post nuclear cap
39
In mammals, what shape is the nucleus of the sperm?
Oval and flat
40
What is kertatinized?
Chromatin
41
What does the tail of the sperm contain?
Middle, principle, and terminal piece
42
What piece of the tail is the helix?
Midpiece
43
The principle piece contains what?
9 microtubule pairs and 2 central fibers
44
What part of the tail fits into the implantation pocket?
The capitulum
45
What are some difference between female and male gamete production?
Females: gametes in utero, gametes every 3-4 weeks, pulsatile maturation, meiosis, and release Males: maturation, meiosis, and release is continuous
46
How long does it take for negative effects to be observed in a sperm ejaculate?
2-4 weeks
47
How long does it take for a complete restoration of spermatogenesis to occur?
6-12 weeks
48
What are some causes for observing negative effects in the ejaculate?
Heat stress, fever, shipping, toxin exposure
49
What is the term for the release of spermatozoa in stages throughout lanes of the seminiferous tubules?
Spermatic wave
50
Why is there a constant supply of male gametes?
Because of the spermatic wave release
51
How many stages are there in the spermatic wave and in which one does the sperm actually gets released?
There are 8 stages and sperm are released in lanes in stage 8
52
What is the limiting factor in reproduction?
Ovulation
53
Male fertility, assuming no issues with copulation, can be potentially determined by ?
Morphology, motility, livability, # of normal
54
What are 3 ways we can evaluate sperm production?
1- Daily Sperm Production (total # sperm produced/day) 2- Production Efficiency (# sperm/day/gram of testicular parenchyma) 3- Scrotal Circumference
55
Which way of evaluating sperm is non-invasive ?
Scrotal circumference measures
56
What is the unit for SC?
cm
57
What is directly correlated to scrotal circumference?
Longevity in heifers as dictated by age at puberty
58
Which beef breeds are higher in SC measurement?
Maternal
59
What is the minimum SC for bulls?
34 cm
60
Sperm viability is described with?
Motility (ability to move progressively forward)
61
What leads to abnormal sperm?
Errors in production
62
What percent of abnormal sperm indicates that fertility is affected?
>20%
63
Where are the two locations that abnormal sperm may originate from?
Testes or epididymis
64
A spermatozoa that has head or tail abnormalities is most likely derived from?
The testes because of faulty differentiation
65
What abnormalities may be observed in a sperm that underwent faulty maturation or transit?
Cytoplasmic droplets
66
What are some advantages to AI?
Accelerates Genetic improvement, preserves genetic diversity, and species conservation
67
Preservation and dilutions creates what for spermatic to survive?
A protective environment
68
Some properties of extender are:
Isotonic, buffer
69
What are two ways we can preserve sperm?
1- extend for use soon 2- frozen (may affect viability)
70
What is added to the extender or ejaculate to minimize ice crystal formation within the cells?
Cryoprotectant
71
A cryoprotectant can be ?
Permeable or non permeable
72
DMSO and glycerol are what type of cryoprotectant?
Permeable
73
An example of a Non permeable cryoprotectant is
Milk protein
74
What 3 things may differ between species that should be taken into consideration for preservation?
Lipid composition of membrane, decline rate, holding temps (boars@18, bulls/stallion@5 C)
75
Sperm depend on what entirely to survive ?
The environment
76
An extender provides nutrients such as?
Glucose and fructose
77
Are ejaculated sperm sterile?
No
78
Where can bacteria reside?
Sheath, Penis, urethra, glands
79
What antibiotics can be added to an extender?
Penicillin, liquamycin
80
___________ should be poured into __________
Extender poured into semen
81
To obtain sexed semen, how can we identify X bearing sperm?
By adding fluorochrome dye and observing those who have more dye
82
How much more percent of DNA is present in X vs Y sperm?
2.8-4.2% more DNA in X bearing sperm

ANS 331 (12 decks)

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