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ANS 331 > Spermatogenesis > Flashcards

Spermatogenesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 requirements for spermatogenesis to occur?

A

1- continuos secretion of GnRH
2- FSH & LH secretion
3- gonadal secretions

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2
Q

Lh is secreted in which type of section?

A

Pulsatile ( 4-8/24 hrs)

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3
Q

LH goes to which cell that is like a Theca interna cell?

A

Leydig

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4
Q

Leydig cells secrete?

A

Testosterone ( P4 converted into T)

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5
Q

Why must LH be pulsatile?

A

To prevent refractory from Leydig cells

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6
Q

Concentration of testosterone is 100-500x higher where?

A

In the testes compared to levels in blood

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7
Q

Sertoli cells depend on what?

A

FSH

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8
Q

FSH stays how much longer than LH?

A

3x

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9
Q

Sertoli cells are like which type of cell?

A

Granulosa

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10
Q

Testosterone is converted in Sertoli cells into what?

A

E2 and DHT

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11
Q

Where does spermatogenesis occur?

A

Seminiferous tubules

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12
Q

Why is spermatogenesis consistent?

A

Because of the constant and consistent pulses from FSH & LH

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13
Q

What are the 3 phases of spematogenesis?

A

Proliferation, meiotic, differentiation

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14
Q

The phase in which synchronized mitotic divisions take place in the basal membrane and results in a diploid cell is?

A

Proliferation

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15
Q

What must happen for new spermatogonia to develop in the basal membrane?

A

Continuos stem cell renewal

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16
Q

What happens in the meiotic phase?

A

Number of chromosomes is reduced, crossing over and DNA synthesis

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17
Q

How long does it take in the bull for meiosis to occur?

A

18-19 days

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18
Q

In meiosis 1, what is the main characteristic?

A

Genetic diversity

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19
Q

What is the result of meiosis 2?

A

A haploid cell

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20
Q

In the bull, how long does it take for the spermatid to move from basal to luminal?

A

61 days

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21
Q

What’s the 3rd phase of spermatogenesis?

A

Differentiation

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22
Q

What are some things that take place in differentiation?

A

Transformation into spermatozoa, packaging, nucleus condensation, acrosome formation

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23
Q

What makes cells potentially motile?

A

Mitochondria

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24
Q

The first phase in differentiation is?

A

Golgi

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25
Q

The acrosomic vesicle formation and packaging of contents (enzymes) are events that occur in which phase?

A

Golgi

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26
Q

The acrosomic vesicle contained the granules. Where do these granules derive from?

A

Golgi apparatus

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27
Q

What centriole is responsible for implantation of tail apparatus?

A

Proximal

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28
Q

The distal centriole gives rise to what?

A

Axoneme

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29
Q

What is the 2nd phase of Differentiation?

A

Cap phase

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30
Q

In the Cap phase, what happens to the acrosomic vesicle ?

A

It spreads over the nucleus into and inner, outer membrane and has enzymes

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31
Q

The phase of Differentiation characterized by cell elongation is?

A

Acrosomal

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32
Q

The acrosome covers how much of the nucleus in the Acrosomic phase?

A

2/3

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33
Q

What 3 things form in the acrosomal phase?

A

Neck, annulus, manchette

34
Q

The phase in which mitochondria migrate and form a spiral, the post nuclear cap forms and you can see a head, middle and principle piece is?

A

Maturation

35
Q

What is the annulus?

A

The juncture between the middle and principle piece

36
Q

What is spermiation?

A

The release of spermatozoa from Sertoli cells into lumen

37
Q

Why would we package DNA in the sperm head?

A

To protect it during ejaculation and transport

38
Q

What does the head of the spermicide contain?

A

The nucleus, the acrosome, and the post nuclear cap

39
Q

In mammals, what shape is the nucleus of the sperm?

A

Oval and flat

40
Q

What is kertatinized?

A

Chromatin

41
Q

What does the tail of the sperm contain?

A

Middle, principle, and terminal piece

42
Q

What piece of the tail is the helix?

A

Midpiece

43
Q

The principle piece contains what?

A

9 microtubule pairs and 2 central fibers

44
Q

What part of the tail fits into the implantation pocket?

A

The capitulum

45
Q

What are some difference between female and male gamete production?

A

Females: gametes in utero, gametes every 3-4 weeks, pulsatile maturation, meiosis, and release

Males: maturation, meiosis, and release is continuous

46
Q

How long does it take for negative effects to be observed in a sperm ejaculate?

A

2-4 weeks

47
Q

How long does it take for a complete restoration of spermatogenesis to occur?

A

6-12 weeks

48
Q

What are some causes for observing negative effects in the ejaculate?

A

Heat stress, fever, shipping, toxin exposure

49
Q

What is the term for the release of spermatozoa in stages throughout lanes of the seminiferous tubules?

A

Spermatic wave

50
Q

Why is there a constant supply of male gametes?

A

Because of the spermatic wave release

51
Q

How many stages are there in the spermatic wave and in which one does the sperm actually gets released?

A

There are 8 stages and sperm are released in lanes in stage 8

52
Q

What is the limiting factor in reproduction?

A

Ovulation

53
Q

Male fertility, assuming no issues with copulation, can be potentially determined by ?

A

Morphology, motility, livability, # of normal

54
Q

What are 3 ways we can evaluate sperm production?

A

1- Daily Sperm Production (total # sperm produced/day)
2- Production Efficiency (# sperm/day/gram of testicular parenchyma)
3- Scrotal Circumference

55
Q

Which way of evaluating sperm is non-invasive ?

A

Scrotal circumference measures

56
Q

What is the unit for SC?

A

cm

57
Q

What is directly correlated to scrotal circumference?

A

Longevity in heifers as dictated by age at puberty

58
Q

Which beef breeds are higher in SC measurement?

A

Maternal

59
Q

What is the minimum SC for bulls?

A

34 cm

60
Q

Sperm viability is described with?

A

Motility (ability to move progressively forward)

61
Q

What leads to abnormal sperm?

A

Errors in production

62
Q

What percent of abnormal sperm indicates that fertility is affected?

A

> 20%

63
Q

Where are the two locations that abnormal sperm may originate from?

A

Testes or epididymis

64
Q

A spermatozoa that has head or tail abnormalities is most likely derived from?

A

The testes because of faulty differentiation

65
Q

What abnormalities may be observed in a sperm that underwent faulty maturation or transit?

A

Cytoplasmic droplets

66
Q

What are some advantages to AI?

A

Accelerates Genetic improvement, preserves genetic diversity, and species conservation

67
Q

Preservation and dilutions creates what for spermatic to survive?

A

A protective environment

68
Q

Some properties of extender are:

A

Isotonic, buffer

69
Q

What are two ways we can preserve sperm?

A

1- extend for use soon
2- frozen (may affect viability)

70
Q

What is added to the extender or ejaculate to minimize ice crystal formation within the cells?

A

Cryoprotectant

71
Q

A cryoprotectant can be ?

A

Permeable or non permeable

72
Q

DMSO and glycerol are what type of cryoprotectant?

A

Permeable

73
Q

An example of a Non permeable cryoprotectant is

A

Milk protein

74
Q

What 3 things may differ between species that should be taken into consideration for preservation?

A

Lipid composition of membrane, decline rate, holding temps (boars@18, bulls/stallion@5 C)

75
Q

Sperm depend on what entirely to survive ?

A

The environment

76
Q

An extender provides nutrients such as?

A

Glucose and fructose

77
Q

Are ejaculated sperm sterile?

A

No

78
Q

Where can bacteria reside?

A

Sheath, Penis, urethra, glands

79
Q

What antibiotics can be added to an extender?

A

Penicillin, liquamycin

80
Q

___________ should be poured into __________

A

Extender poured into semen

81
Q

To obtain sexed semen, how can we identify X bearing sperm?

A

By adding fluorochrome dye and observing those who have more dye

82
Q

How much more percent of DNA is present in X vs Y sperm?

A

2.8-4.2% more DNA in X bearing sperm

ANS 331 (12 decks)

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