Reproductive Behavior Flashcards
What must occur for a successful reproduction?
Reproductive behavior
The 3 big stages of reproductive behavior are?
Precopulatory, copulatory, and postcopulatory
When does the female exhibit reproductive behavior?
During estrus
When does the male exhibit reproductive behavior?
Potentially at any time
What are the 4 events that take place during the cascade of endocrine and neural event?
Erection, female mounting, intromission, ejaculation
What behavior can influence the female?
Courtship-specific behavior
What is the objective for reproductive behavior?
Promote the best opportunity for copulation
The female exhibits what 3 types of Precopulatory behaviors?
Attraction for males to approach and engage, proceptivity to encourage copulation, and receptivity
What are some behaviors observed from females to attract males?
Posture, vocalization, pheromones
Proceptivity behaviors examples?
Head butting, mounting
What are some receptive behaviors from the female?
Standing to be mounted, tail deviation, backing up
When the female comes into estrus, she may show?
More vocalization, locomotion and exploration
The first step in Precopulatory Behavior of the male is?
Identifying a sexual partner
After ID of sexual partner, males and females can exhibit courtship specific behaviors such as?
Vulva sniffing, Flehmen, chin resting, urination, lordosis
Precopulatory behaviors In the male after courtship specific behaviors include?
Sexual arousal, erection, penile protusion
What control the arousal, erection, protrusion?
CNS
Mounting and intromisión are what type of behaviors?
Copulatory
Mounting is way of doing what to the female?
Immobilizing
What is mounting?
Elevation of front legs to straddle caudal region of female
What is it called when the penis enters the vagina?
Intromission
Can Copulatory behavior be influenced by negative stimuli ? Why?
Yes as it is a learned behavior
Postcopulatory behaviors include?
Dismount and Refractory period
What is the hardest part of postcopulatory behavior?
Dismounting
What can promote or inhibit future reproductive behavior?
Memory
When the male/female won’t engage in copulatory behaviors again for a period of time it’s called?
Refractory period
What are some post copulatory behaviors exhibited from both females or males?
Vocalization, genital, grooming, licking
Where is reproductive behavior programmed?
In utero
What is masculinizations?
The potential of developing male-like behavior after puberty
Reproductive behavior is controlled?
Endocrine
What is an example of can effect of prenatal exposure exposures that only affects females?
Freemartins
Reproductive behavior only happens when what is engaged ?
The hypothalamus
In the male, what is aromatized to E2?
Testosterone
What type of supply is Testosterone and E2 in the male?
Constant
In the female, E2 is high during?
Follicular phase only
What initiates reproductive behavior?
Olfaction, vision, audition, tactility
What things give way to olfaction stimulus?
Female secretions from tract and pheromones cause behavior or stimulate. Male pheromones attract or stimulate
In swine, what two secretions contain pheromones?
Salive from su maxillary glands and preputial pouch secretions
What species can ID cows in estrus?
Dogs and rats
The long range signal for males is a what stimuli?
Vocalization
Close encounters lead to visual cues. What is an example of males being stimulated by observing? What advantages can be seen?
Warm up stalls. Reduce collection time and increase sperm concentration
The final stimulus before copulation is usually?
Tactile
Example of tactile stimulus?
Nuzzling and neck biting
What are the final events in the precopulatory stage?
Erection and protrusion
What tissues engorge with blood?
Corpus cavernosa and spongiosum
Why is there an increased rigidity of the penis?
Because of an increase in arterial blood flow compared to venous outflow
Blood flow increases because of what?
Increase in vasodilation of arterioles and increased pressure in veins (more pooling)
What muscle must relax?
Penis retractor muscle
What straighten in fibroelastic penises?
The sigmoid flexure
What muscles contract the penile veins intermittently?
Ischiocavernous
What are the 5 erection events?
1-elevated arterial blood flow
2- corporal sinusoids dilation
3- venous outflow restriction
4- elevated intrapenile pressure
5- retractor penis muscle relaxation
What neurotransmitter drives the erectile process?
Nitrous oxide
What induces smooth muscle tone?
PDE5
What drives the smooth muscle relaxation (vasodilation) of the erectile process?
Enzymatic reaction
What is the 3rd step of copulatory behavior?
Ejaculation: sensory stimulation of glans penis
How long is the 1st stage of coitus in the dog?
1-2 mins
What happens in the 1st of coitus in the dog?
Mounting and intromission
Which fraction is ejaculated in the first stage of coitus in the dog?
1st and 2nd
What happens after the 1st stage of coitus in the dog?
The turn,a transition phase in which the male dismounts and passes a hind leg over
How long does the turn take?
2-5s
The stage of coitus in the dog in which the 3rd fraction is ejaculated and they are “tied” is?
The second stage
Why are the male and female tied?
Because the bulbous gland is remains engorged and the vulva contracts
What are the 4 ejaculation steps?
1- intromission
2- glans penis stimulation
3- contraction of urethralis, bulbuspongious, ischiocavernous muscle
4- semen expulsion
What is ejaculation?
Expulsion of sperm and seminal plasma
The movement of seminal fluids from the accessory glands into pelvic urethra to mix spermatozoa?
Emission
Seminal plasma is produced by?
Epididymis, ampulla of vas deferens, vesicular glands
The refractory period length depends on ?
Degree of sexual rest prior, age, species
How can we manage preference of males over a single estrus female?
Coolidge effect: introduce females every hour to increase mounts and estrus detection
Sexual preparation includes
Sensory stimulation, stimulation of PVN and Supraoptic nerve, release of oxytocin from PP, smooth muscle contraction (distal tail of epididymis and ductus deferens), spermatic transport into ejaculatory position
What can we do to increase sperm concentration output?
False mounting and restraint
What things do sperm have to do once in the female reproductive tract?
Transverse cervix, transported through uterus/oviduct, undergo capacitation, bind to oocyte
What species deposit semen vaginally?
Cow, sheep, rabbit
Stallion and pig deposit semen where?
Cervically or in uterine lumen
The stallion ejaculates in a type of ?
Jets
Which fraction that contains 3-4 squirts and most of spermatozoa is sperm-rich in stallions?
The first
The boar’s 1st fraction of ejaculate contains ?
Accessory fluid & gel
Which Fraction of the boars ejaculate contains gel?
3rd
The dog’s fraction that contains no cells is?
The 1st
The third fraction of the dog’s ejaculate is ? And occurs when?
Prostate. Occurs while tied in surges
Two ways sperm can be lost in female reproductive tract?
Phagocytosis and retrograde transport
What are the two phases of spermatozoa transport?
Rapid and sustained
Which phase of transport is damaging to sperm?
Rapid
When temporary docking to epithelium occurs, what does it do to spermatozoa?
Promotes viability to begin capacitation
