Speed Terms Part 1: Ch 1, 4, 5, 6, 10, 12 Flashcards
Anatomy
study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Macroscopic (Gross) anatomy
large, easily observed
Microscopic anatomy
you need a microscope to observe.
Negative Feedback System
shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. (most common kind)
Positive Feedback System
intensifies the original stimulus. Called a cascade (amplify as they progress).
Fibroblasts
in all connective tissues that produce/secrete the matrix component
Chondroblasts
found in cartilage (condo=cartilage)
Osteoblasts
found in bones (osteo = bone)
Adipocytes
fat cells that store triglycerides
White blood cells
can migrate into other connective tissues from blood to area of injury to deal with infection
Mast cells:
release heparin (anticoagulant: stops blood from clotting) and histamine (dilates blood vessels: so that immune cells that need to get to the site of injury can get there and start fighting the injection).
Macrophages
large phagocytic cells, cells that roam around, develop from WBC and engulf and digest anything that shouldn’t be there
Neuroglia
maintain the neurons, Are the more numerous non-conducting cells which function in support, insulation, and protection of neurons.
neurons
Are nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses.
Keratinocytes
contain keratin, protect skin
Melanocytes
transfers pigment, shield skin from UV, more sun more cells
Langerhans cells
arse in red bone marrow. immune response
Merkel cells
contact/touch receptors
stratum basale
deepest, cuboidal, single layer, Contains melanocytes & Merkel cells
stratum spinous
8-10 layers, cells strongly attached, Contains Langerhans cells & projections of melanocytes
stratum granulosum
3-5 flat layers, transition layer (start to die), Lamellated granules
stratum lucidium
(only in thick skin), 3-5 clear layers
stratum corneum
waterproof, 25 to 30 layers of flat, dead keratinocytes containing keratin
medulla
core of large cells (of hair root)
cortex
several layers of flattened cells (of hair root)
cuticle
single layer of cells that overlap one another from below (of hair root)
Ceruminous glands
are modified apocrine glands found in skin lining the external ear canal, Secrete sticky earwax (cerumen)
Free edge
extends over digit
Nail body
is visible portion
Nail root
embedded in a fold of skin
Diaphysis
shaft of the long some
Epiphyses
end of the long bone
Metaphysis
between the epic and Diaphysis of the long bone, contains growth plate (epiphyseal plate)
Epiphyseal plate
growth plate in long bone
Osteoprogenitor
mitotic stem cells from mesenchymal tissue mitotically divide
Osteoblast
secrete the extracellular matrix
Osteocyte
maintain matrix
Osteoclast
break down bones (in the endosperm)
Ossification
the formation of bone
Intramembranous Ossification
bones arrive from embryonic mesenchymal cells
Endochondral Ossification
bone forms from existing hyaline cartilage model
intrastitial
growth of bone in length
appositional
growth of bone in width
Calcitonin
regulates bone calcium levels triggered with high Ca2+
Parathyroid hormone
PTH regulates bone calcium levels triggered with low Ca2+
Endomysium
surrounds individual muscle cells
Perimysium
surrounds a bundle (fascicle) of muscle cells
Epimysium
encircles entire muscle (many fascicles)
Triad
T-tubule & the 2 cisterns
T-Tubule
?
terminal cisterns
dilated end sacs of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Proprioception
sensory reseptors brings in info about location of body limbs and degree of tension in muscle/joints (tells what position head/limbs/torso is in)
Absolute Refractory Period
AP not possible , physically impossible for another AP to be generated. Lasts from the time the channels open up to the end of the repolarization phase.
Relative Refractory Period
requires a stronger stimulus since your at -90. From the end of the reporarization phase to the end of the hyperpolarizing phase.
Continuous conduction
Occurs along unmyelinated axons, A slow process, NRG expesive process since you need NA/K pumps all along the legth of the membrane
Saltatory conduction
Occurs along myelinated axons, Depolarization only at nodes, AP jumps from node to node, Much faster conduction
axodendritic
synapse, the axon of one neuron is facing a dendrite
axosomatic
synapse, axon with a soma
Axoaxonic
synapse, axon interacting with other axon
