Chapter 1: Intro to Human Body Flashcards
Define Anatomy (2 parts)
Anatomy – study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.
Macroscopic (Gross) anatomy → large, easily observed
Microscopic anatomy → you need a microscope to observe.
Define Physiology
study of how the body parts work or function
6 Structural Organization levels and what each are
1) Chemical (simplest): atoms join to form molecules. (ex. atoms C,H,O form DNA)
2) Cellular: molecules interact to form cells (lowest level at which life exists). (ex. smooth muscle cell)
3) Tissue: groups of similar cells with a common function. [Histology - study of tissues] (ex. smooth muscle tissue)
4) Organ: two or more tissues form an organ with a specific function. (eg. stomach)
5) System: several organs form a system with a common function. (ex. digestive system)
6) Organism: sum total of all structural levels that together promote life of the whole organism. (ex. human)
Define Survival Needs and list 5 factors
• Ultimate goal of the body is “survival”.
Factors:
- nutrients
- oxygen
- water
- normal body temperature (37ºC)
- normal atmospheric pressure
Homeostasis
Homeostasis: The ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in the presence of a changing external environment.
This requires a feedback system which involves the nervous and endocrine systems.
3 components Feedback System
Receptor – a sensor that monitors changes in the environment.
Control Center – analyzes the input from the receptor & determines the appropriate response. (brain)
Effector – relays and administers the response.
A variable (Blood pressure, heart rate, body pressure) is monitored by the body and evaluated, is it where it needs to be? If not, somethings set out to change it back to optimal levels.
Stimulus (distrups homeo) –>controlled condition–>Receptors (monitors) –>control center (receive imput and then sends output to) –>effectors (bring about a change or) –>Response (that alters controlled cdt).
2 Kinds of Feedback Systems
Negative Feedback System: shuts off the original stimulus or reduces its intensity. (most common kind)
- Ex. Blood pressure. Sensors register, brain figures out how to counteract, sends out to effectors [maybe lower heart rate and dilate the vessels to lower bp]
Positive Feedback System: intensifies the original stimulus. Called a cascade (amplify as they progress).
-Ex. Contractions of the uterus during childbirth.
Define Anatomical Position
is a standard body position. The body is erect with face and feet forward, arms at side with palms forward.
Directional Terms / Plane Cuts (3 types)
- superior/inferior = cranial/caudal
- anterior/posterior = ventral/dorsal
- medial/lateral [Medial is closer to midline]
- superficial/deep
- proximal/distal (specific for limbs ONLY) [Think of attachment point as the fixed point, Proximal is closer to point of attachment, distal is further away from point of attachment]
– body can be cut along flat surfaces known as planes to give
>sagittal [samuri]
>frontal (coronal) [ventral]
>transverse (cross) sections [horizontal]
Define Body Cavities and List/Describe all 2 with subcavities
Spaces within the body that protect, separate, & support the internal organs.
• Dorsal body cavity = cranial cavity + vertebral (spinal) cavity.
>Cranial Cavity - Brain
>Vertebral Cavity - Spinal Cord
• Ventral body cavity = thoracic cavity + abdominopelvic cavity.
>Thoracic cavity = Chest Region
- pericardial cavity -Heart
- 2 pleural cavities - Lung
>Abdominopelvic cavity = Lower Region
- abdominal cavity - internal organs (stomach/spleen/liver/intestine)
- pelvic cavity – (bladder, repro organs/large intestine)
Serous Membranes (2) - Line body cavity
i) Parietal membrane: lines the cavity.
ii) Visceral membrane: covers the organs within the cavity.
- -> Membrane layers are separated by a lubricating serous fluid which decreases the friction of organ movement.
- ->If it has the word parietal in the name it lines the wall. Ex: parietal pericardium (lines the walls of the heart cavity), visceral pericardium (covers the heart)
Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Diagnostic tool to quickly diagnose problems. Spit into 4 quadrants. Okay, the pain is coming for the right lower quadrants, these are what are in this let’s go from there.
