Speech Sounds

Question 1

Phonetic Impairment

Answer 1

Articulation Impairment

Question 2

Phonemic Impairment

Answer 2

Phonological Impairment

Question 3

Articulation

Answer 3

all motor process revolving around speech

the sequencing and timing of speech muscles is important to articulation

Question 4

Temporalis Muscle

Answer 4

Primarily used to produce movements from the mandible helping with mastication

Question 5

Masseter Muscle

Answer 5

a muscle which runs through the rear part of the cheek from the temporal bone to the lower jaw on each side and closes the jaw in chewing.

Question 6

Buccinator Muscle

Answer 6

main part of the cheeks, it helps hold bolus in the mouth and secure dentin

Question 7

Trapezius Muscle (neck)

Answer 7

Triangular muscle extending the neck. The function of the trapezius is to stabilize and move the scapula. The upper fibers can elevate and upwardly rotate the scapula and extend the neck. The middle fibers adduct (retract) the scapula

Question 8

Scapula bone

Answer 8

Shoulder blade

Question 9

Frontalis muscle

Answer 9

On forehead raises the eyebrows

Question 10

Orbicularis oculi muscle

Answer 10

a muscle located in the eyelids. Closes the eyelids

Question 11

Zygomatics Muscle

Answer 11

moves lips upward/sideways for different fascile movements like laughing

Question 12

Orbicularis oris muscle

Answer 12

surround the lips and acts as a attachement site for alot of fascile muscles

Question 13

Sternocleidomastoid muscle (head)

Answer 13

connect the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone and serve to turn and nod the head.

Question 14

Articulation Disorder

Answer 14

Any speech substitutions, omissions, additions, or deletions not related to phonological patterns. Or a atypical error of speech production

Question 15

Five Areas of Language

Answer 15

phonology, morphology, Semantics, Syntax, Pragmatics

Question 16

Phonological Disorder

Answer 16

refers to impaired 
comprehension of the 
sound system of a 
language and the 
rules that govern the 
sound combinations

Question 17

Phonology

Answer 17

A. Analyzes which sound units are within a
language
B. Examines how these sounds are arranged—
their systematic organization and rule
system

Question 18

Morphology

Answer 18

Study of the structure of words

Question 19

Morphemes

Answer 19

Smallest meaningful unit of a language. Made up of phonemes.

e.g., the word “words” has two morphemes: word and plural /s/

Question 20

Syntax

Answer 20

organizational rules denoting word, phrase, and clause order. organization and
relationship between words, word classes,
and other sentence elements

Question 21

Semantics

Answer 21

(Literal Meaning)the study of linguistic meaning
and includes the meaning of words, phrases,
and sentences

Question 22

Pragmatics

Answer 22

(Implied Meaning)-the study of language used to
communicate within various situational
contexts. It examines language use in
context

Question 23

Will children (SSD) improve without intervention?

Answer 23

Some children’s speech will 
improve without intervention; 
however, at least half will not 
improve and therefore require 
intervention.

Question 24

Which errors are least likely to improve?

Answer 24

accompanying language impairment and
children with distortion errors are
less likely to improve.

Question 25

Prognosis

Answer 25

The likely outcome of a condition over time

Question 26

Prognosis Outcomes depend on

Answer 26

child, family factors, engagment, intervention, etc.

Question 27

Risk factors associated with SSD of unknown origins

Answer 27

1. Child factors:
• Being male
• Pre-natal and post-natal 
factors
• Ongoing hearing problems
• Oral sucking habits (e.g., 
use of bottle, pacifier, 
thumb sucking)
• Reactive temperament
• Psychosocial and 
temperament (e.g.
2. Parent factors:
• Family history of speech 
and language problems
• Education level of mother 
and/or father
3. Family factors:
• Socioeconomic factors

Question 28

Protective Factors Speech and Language development

Answer 28

Persistent and sociable temperament
• Being an older sibling
• Maternal wellbeing
• Parental support for learning at home

Question 29

Phoneme

Answer 29

Smallest linguistic unit 
that is able, when 
combined with other such 
units, to establish word 
meanings and distinguish 
between them
• For example: /p/ and /s/ 
are phonemes—function 
to distinguish between 
words such as “pat” and 
“sat”
To be considered a phoneme, a speech sound must be 
able to signal a contrast in meaning between two 
words of a language

Question 30

Allophone

Answer 30

Variations in the production of phonemes that do not
change the meaning of the word
• Allophones are influenced by the surrounding sounds
and the position of the phoneme in the word
• (i.e., the normally unreleased /p/ at the end of “pop” vs. the
released /p/ at the beginning)

Question 31

2 Types of Allophonic Variation

Answer 31

Complementary Distribution-
• Phoneme is produced a specific way as a result of its
phonetic context:
• Example: /k/ may be produced more anteriorly when preceded by a
front vowel and more posteriorly when preceded by a back vowel

Free Variation-
it is not bound by its phonetic context:
• Example: The /p/ at the end of “pop” can be aspirated or not

Question 32

Phonotactics

Answer 32

Refers to the description of the allowed combinations of phonemes in a particular language
• For example, phonotactics guides the:
• Number of syllables that can occur within a word (e.g.,
hippopotamus C V,C V,C V,C V,C V C)
• Number and type of consonants and vowels that can combine to
form a syllable
• Number, type, and locations of consonants in consonant clusters

Question 33

Minimal Pair

Answer 33

Two words that differ by only one phoneme:

• Example: “Cat” and “hat” are minimal pairs

Question 34

Coarticulation

Answer 34

The way sounds overlap 
during articulation causing 
articulatory characteristics of 
phonemes to vary according to 
context. When the production of
a sound is influenced by other sounds 
around it—its phonetic context

Question 35

Assimilation

Answer 35

Results from coarticulation. The way the features of one sound take on the features of neighboring sounds becoming similar or identical

Question 36

Assimilation processes

Answer 36

natural consequence of normal speech production.
2 Categories:
Type
Degree of Change

Question 37

Contiguous Assimilation

Answer 37

Modifying adjacent sounds
Example: “Skunk” [skʌŋk]
becomes [stʌŋk]

Question 38

Non-contiguous assilmilation

Answer 38

sounds are separated by at
least one other sound
segment
• Example: Pig becomes gig

Question 39

Progressive Assimilations

Answer 39

Earlier occurring sound
segment that influences a
following sound

Question 40

Regressive (anticipatory) assimilations

Answer 40

A later occurring sound segment that influences a

preceding sound

Question 41

Total assimilation or Coalescence

Answer 41

If sound is forced by another sound to change all
of its phonetic properties. Example: “Window” [wɪndo] becomes [wɪno]
• Also called coalescence: when features from two adjacent sounds are combined so that one sound replaces two other
sounds

Question 42

Partial Assimilation

Answer 42

When only parts of the phonetic characteristics
become modified, it is partial assimilation
Example: [krɪsməs] becomes [krɪsnəs]