Mock Exam Flashcards
1
Q
cluttering
A
rapid speech rate, frequent typical/normal disfluencys (not specific to stuttering ex: filler), reduced intelligibility
2
Q
4–6 months
A
Vocal Play.They make new sounds, but don’t yet babble repeated syllables. Vocal play comes before canonical babbling.
3
Q
6-9 months
A
Canonical babbling refers to repetition of a speech syllable e.g., “dadadada”
4
Q
9-12 months
A
variegated babbling. They produce strings of syllables in which the sounds change (e.g., “badudi”). Variegated babbling comes after canonical babbling.
5
Q
12-18 months
A
first true words
6
Q
infant’s difficulty with sucking coordination and maintaining sucking.
A
Non-nutritive sucking. no swallow required
7
Q
infant coordination of swallowing
A
suck-swallow-breathe pattern, is typically facilitated by placing a fingertip or pacifier dipped in formula, breast milk, or water on the tongue with slight downward pressure
8
Q
% of individuals who experience a traumatic brain injury have permanent disabilities, including communicative and cognitive disorders.
A
1/3 33%
9
Q
acoustic reflex
A
Placing a probe in the ear that measures contractions of the middle-ear muscles in response to a loud sound
10
Q
Otoscopy
A
he clinician visually examines the external auditory meatus using a device called an otoscope
11
Q
Tympanometry
A
Placing a probe in the ear that measures the movement of the tympanic membrane
12
Q
Otoacoustic emissions
A
Placing a probe in the ear that measures the function of the inner hair cells
13
Q
The hierarchy from least to most difficulty for a person with apraxia is
A
vowels, glides, and nasals – plosives – fricatives and affricates – consonant clusters.
14
Q
Obligatory error
A
caused by the physical inability to produce a sound correctly due to structural limitations
15
Q
Compensatory errors
A
purposly of avoiding a physically difficult sound
16
Q
Metaphonological cue
A
“think about” a property of a speech sound. long/short etc.
17
Q
compensation
A
strategies to make better/safer in the short term
18
Q
rehabilitation
A
strategies excerscises to improve in long term
19
Q
Stratified sampling
A
by grouping participants, usually by participant characteristics such as age or gender
20
Q
Random sampling
A
is conducted so that each type of population demographic is represented in the participant group
21
Q
Cluster sampling
A
by grouping participants, usually by geographic area
22
Q
Convenience sampling
A
recruitment of participants who are close at hand and readily accessible
23
Q
fricative
A
(f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ð, θ, h)
24
Q
affricate sounds
A
(tʃ, dʒ)
25
stops
(p, b, t, d, k, g)
26
Palatal fronting
when alveolar sounds (/s, z/) are substituted for palatal sounds (ʃ, ʒ)
27
Velar fronting
when alveolar sounds (/t, d, n/) are substituted for velar sounds (/k, g, ŋ/)
28
Parallel forms reliability
refers to whether two different versions of a test (i.e., two different forms) measure the same skill consistently.
29
Anosognosia
a lack of awareness of one’s deficits
30
left hemisphere
speech and language
31
right hemisphere
spatial, visual
32
metacognitive intervention
identifying the main idea in oral and written texts
33
Cranial nerve XII
hypoglossal nerve, is responsible for the innervation of the tongue and is involved in most movements of the tongue. Asking the patient to smile, then pout tests the function of the muscles of facial expression
34
Cranial nerve V
trigeminal nerve, contributes to the movement of the hyoid and the mandible, not the tongue. Asking the patient to keep his or her mouth open while you try to close it tests the strength of the muscles of mastication
35
Cranial nerve VII
the facial nerve, contributes primarily to the movements of the face, lips, and nose, but not the tongue. Asking the patient to smile, then pout tests the function of the muscles of facial expression. taste test
36
Cranial nerve X
the vagus nerve, contributes to innervation and movement of the muscles of the pharynx, but not the tongue
37
Treatment Intensity
Cumulative treatment intensity refers to the number of teaching opportunities per session (100 opportunities; called the dose), multiplied by the number of sessions (8)
38
Dose
teaching opportunities per session
39
Trisomy 21
Down Syndrome, cognitive skills vary
40
trisomy 13, trisomy 21
cleft lip/palate
41
trisomy 13 and trisomy 18
severe cognitive impairment
42
trisomy 22
cognitive defecits are rare
43
All trisomy have in common
extra chromosome
44
apraxia of speech
more closely related to damage to left hemisphere
45
Right hemisphere disorder
known to effect language discourse, pragmatic language
46
acoustic neuroma
a non-cancerous tumor found on the auditory nerve, cranial nerve VIII
47
Tympanometry
a common component of a hearing screening and measures the movement of the eardrum in response to pressure changes in the ear canal.
48
cholesteatoma
is an abnormal cyst-like growth that forms in the middle ear space behind the eardrum. It is most often the result of infection.
49
Otosclerosis
a disease that causes excess bone growth in the middle and inner ears
50
Meniere’s disease
a condition that affects the inner ear. Fluid progressively builds up in the bony labyrinth, causing vestibular symptoms and possibly hearing loss.
51
Hearing Screening
500, 1000, 2000, 4000
52
Validity
assessment does what it says it does
53
CVA vs TIA
Stroke permanent and Transient Ischemic Attack temporary
54
Ischemic stroke
80% blockage, caused by thrombosis/embolus, most recovery 1st weeks
55
Hemorrhagic Stroke
20% bleeding, cause aneuryism, little improv 1st weeks
56
Aneurysm
weakness in blood vessel that balloons
57
Paradoxical Vocal Fold Dysfunction
reccurent adducting movement of vocal folds treatment respiratory retraining
58
Vocal Hyperfunction
larynx muscles overwork, stress/strain- treatment cough suppression, adjusting pitch
59
Vocal Hypofunction
incomplete closure of the vocal folds/weak- teatment increase loudness, vocal function excercise sustain vowel
60
Reliability
The consistency of results given
61
Conduction Aphasia
Fluent, good comp, poor repetition
62
Broca's Aphasia
Nonfluent- Motor Speech, frontal lobe
63
Wernick's Aphasia
Fluent- poor comprehension across board/ awarness poor damage central/posterior temp. lobe
64
Conduction Aphasia
Fluent- poor repetition
reading aloud, writing
damage to upper temp. lobe arcuate fasciculus
65
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia
Fluent- ecolalic, extreme defecits
comp/ naming/reading/writing
Posterior damage- middle cerebral artery
66
Anomic Aphasia
Fluent- word retrieval(anomia), wishy washy (could be good) everything else
poor comp
Damage outside perisylvian (angular gyrus/ inferior temp region)
67
Transcortical Motor Aphasia
Nonfluent- naming/reading aloud/writing
68
Mixed Transcortical Aphasia
Dementia, Nonfluent, Echolalic
| everything
69
Arcuate Fasciculus
connect broca and wernicke's areas
70
Perisylvian Region
language area left side brain
71
Left middle cerebral artery
stroke occur effecting language
72
Hippocampus
Memory of new info/recent events
73
Basal Ganglia
connects cerebral cortex and cerebellum, regulates automatic movement
74
Amygdala
emotional response
75
Corpus Collosum
highway sends visual/auditory message to Wernicke's for comprehension
76
Spontaneous Speech
Wernicke-Broca-Primary Motor Cortex- Cranial Nerve
77
Dysphonia
hard glottal attacks, hyperfunction treatment-yawn sigh
78
Compensation
short term improvement
79
Masako Maneuver
tongue tip b/w teeth complete swallow
80
Supraglottic Swallow
hold breath throughout swallow
81
Effortful Swallow
Squeeze Swallow Muscles improve tongue base, retraction, clear residue vallecula
82
The Mendelsohn Maneuver
Manual Elevation of the Larynx
83
Cleft Lip/Palate
Trisomy 13, Trisomy 21
84
Superior Longitudinal tongue
Facilitate tongue tip elevation
85
Vertical Intrinsic Tongue
Pull tongue down
86
Transverse intrinsic tongue
narrow tongue
87
The inferior longitudinal muscles
tongue tip down
88
Conversion Dysphonia
psychological cause
89
Adducter Spasmodic dysphonia
Spasms over adduction of the vocal folds, strained/hoarse
| The more reflexive functions like the cough less effected
90
Vocal Fold Paralysis
Weak/breathy
91
Hypokinetic Dysarthria
damage basal ganglia
Affiliated with Parkinson's
Harsh, Breathy, Innapropriate Silence, Monopitch/Monoloud, inc. rate of speech, short rushes of speech
92
Flaccid Dysarthria
Damage LMN
Hypernasality, weak/ dec reflexes, reduced loudness, monopitch/monoloudness, shortened phrase length, phonatory incompetence
93
Spastic Dysarthria
Damage UMN
Same as ataxic but no respiratory issues
hypernasality
inc. reflex
94
Ataxic Dysarthria
Damage Cerebellum
artic breakdown, vowel distortions, drunkin speech, stress, prosody, prolonged phonemes, respiratory, harsh vocal, Monopitch/Monoloudness
Artic/Prosody Major Symptoms
95
Hyperkinetic Dysarthria
Damage Basal Ganglia
| varied rate, varied breathy, innapproriate pause, tremor, vowel prolongation
96
Lewy Body Dementia
lewy bodies/excessive protein deposits
97
Vascular dementia
vascular disease
98
Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome
associated with Vitamin B12 defeciency
99
Auditory Verbal Agnosia
associated with Wernicke aphasia comp. understanding
100
Afferent
sensory signal
101
Efferent
motor signal
102
Presbycusis
age related hearing loss
103
Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal associated with swallow, salivation
104
Nerve XI
Accesory associated with head turn
105
Most commonly associated with dysarthria
Cerebral Palsy
106
AAE
weak syllable deletion
107
ordinal scale
numbered category
108
nominal scale
category
109
ratio scale
absolute zero
110
intellectual disability
limitation intellectual functioning and adaptability
111
unilateral vocal fold paralysis
left recurrent laryngeal nerve damage. Common after surgery
112
Zone proximal development
basis of dynamic assessment
difference between what a child can do independently and spontaneously and what he or she can achieve with instruction, modeling, and prompting from the clinician.
113
distinctive feature theory
acoustic or production qualities/features
114
Generative Phonology
surface word form and how phonological rules can transform accurate production
115
Jargon
(developmental) unintelligible speech but has adult-like prosodic patterns. Jargon does not contain true words or phonetically consistent forms.
116
Dynamic Systems Theory to Motor Speech
3 dimensions- person, task, enviornment
117
Cognitive Approach to counseling
emphasizes the role of a person’s thoughts in influencing behavior. In cognitive counseling, the goal is to identify problematic beliefs and reshape them to be more rational and constructive.
118
Existential Approach to counseling
life/death tragedies
119
Behavioral Approach to counseling
utilizes strategies of reinforcement to shape desirable behaviors
120
variable interval reinforcment
Variable time based schedule
121
Peer Models
peer models in social skills groups is the most effective strategy for improving social interaction skills.
122
Spasmodic Dysarthria (excessive muscle contractions) treatment
```
Botulinum toxin (Botox)- most effective/temp. every 3-6 months
Voice therapy(relax muscles, etc.)
Surgical- invasive/temporary
```
123
Mean
sum of all the scores/ number of scores in the set
124
Median
number in the middle of set
125
mode
most frequently recurring number
126
Meta-anaylsis
Quantitative, statistical analysis
127
pharyngeal flap surgery
short soft palate
128
Chin down position ( dysphagia)
poor tongue base movement/bolus propulsion
129
Chin elevated position (dysphagia)
lingual cupping and posterior movement skills
130
Head turn position ( dysphagia)
pharyngeal wall or larynx damage. Turn toward weaker side to get bolus to go down stronger side
131
Head tilt postion (dysphagia)
unilateral damage oral cavity or pharyngeal wall
132
Single Subject research design
2 phase baseline, treatment
133
PICO question
Polulation, intervention, comparison, outcomes
134
Primary Prevention
Proactive prevent before it happens
135
Secondary Prevention
early intervention/ early screening/ catch it early
136
Tertiary Prevention
treatment and intervention for someone who already has communication disorder.
137
Applied Behavior Analysis
positive reinforcement( no focus on natural reinforcemnt)
138
Nutritive Sucking
A newborn will suck once, swallow once, and breathe once per cylcle. Pattern continues 60 to 80 seconds. slower pace then non-nutritive sucking
139
SMART
specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-limited
140
Lateral View
Regualr view swallow study
141
Labiodental
lip+teeth /f,v/
142
Linguadental
interdental (between teeth) /th/
143
alveolar
alveolar ridge /s,z,n,l,t,d/
144
palatal
hard palate (behind alveolar ridge) /j, r, ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
145
Velar
Dorsum(Back) tongue touch velum( soft palate) /k, g, ŋ/
146
Glottal
Glottis level /h/
147
Manner
type of constriction
148
stops
/p, b, t, d, k, g/
149
Fricatives
/f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð/
150
Sibilants
type of fricative /s,z, ʃ, ʒ, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
151
Affricate
stop+fricative / t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ/
152
Glides
/j, w/
153
lateral
/l/ airflow going from sides midline closure
154
liquids
/l,r/
155
Characteristics of AAE
Weak syllable deletion
156
ordinal scale
numbered category
157
nominal scale
category
158
ratio scale
absolute zero
159
unilateral VF paralysis
damage left recurrent laryngeal nerve
160
Superior Laryngeal nerve innervates
Cricothyroid muscles
161
Velopharyngeal Insufficency
can't close port air escape from nasal
trouble building intraoral air pressure
problems producing stops, fricatives, aftricatieves
might be hypernasal
162
Treacher Collins Syndrome
Cleft palate, respiratory issues, facial issues
163
Fragile x syndrome
primarily males, prominant forehead, intellectual disability, delay speech, comorbid autism
164
Turner Syndrome
only femal, cleft palate, hearing loss, intellectual disability
165
Confounding Variable
attribute not directly measured but may have impact on other variables
166
Electroglottography
measures impedance of electric current through VF
167
Electromyograpy
measures fcn laryngeal muscles
| ex diagnosis VF paralysis
168
Spirometer
air volume/ lung pressure
169
Laryngescopy
view larngeal structure w/ endoscope or mirror
170
displacement
transfer of stress toward patient
171
lingual fasciculation
involuntary muscle contraction/twitch
172
Lingual fissure
deep grove in tongue
173
Ankylosssia
lingual frenulum heart shaped tongu/floor mouth
174
Human Papillomavirus
inc risk cancer
175
Mean Fundamental Frequency
down over time
adolescence similar
rate VF vibrate
176
MFF men
lower until around 50 then start to get higher
100-150 Hz avg. 125
old 132-146
177
MFF women
lower throughout life
180-250 Hz avg. 225
old avg. 201
178
Maximum Phonation Time
ability to sustain "ah"
179
MPT
age
5-12 14-17sec
18-39 20-24 sec
66-93 14-18 sec
180
Presbyphonia
age related voice disorder
181
Cranial nerve X (Vagus) controls
laryngeal Fcn
182
Jitter
irregualarities or cycle to cycle variations
183
Pitch
perception of MFF
184
loudness
perception of intensity
185
Abusive Voice Register
```
Glottal Fry( low range fatigue)
Loft register( high range)
```
186
Normal Register
Modal voice
187
Dysphonia
voice disorder
188
aphonia
lack of voice
189
edema
swelling, irritation, inflamation
190
Surgical Voice Trauma can come from
```
cardiac- VF paralysis
Thyroidectomy- hormonal
Carotid
Laminectomy
Lung
Hysterectomy-hormonal
Intubation- irritation
```
191
Malignant Epithelial Dysplasia
cancer(carcinoma) of VF
192
Benign Epithelial/ Lamina Propria
noncancerous- polyps, nodules, cysts
193
Nodules
bilateral, slight swelling
Voice therapy, rarely surgery
boys 3:1 ratio
adults more common in women
194
Polyps
fluid filled/active blood supply often unilateral but can be bilateral
2 types Sessil(blisster like) Pedunculates( attached to stalk/tree)
Voice rehabilitation Surger often required
195
Cysts
Fluid Filled no blood source
| congenital or acquired
196
Reinkes Edema
caused prolonged phonotrauma/smoking
superior lamina propria filled with jelly fluid
balloon like, smokers voice
Surgery
197
Sulcus Vocalis
scarring ridge VF
198
Granuloma
blood flow, irritation inflamation sore
causes: intubation, tension, LPReflux
Treatment- antireflux med, Botox reduce compression allow healing)
199
Contact Ulcer
something rubbing directly against/intubation
| related Granuloma
200
Leukoplakia
white plaque
201
Hyperkeratosis
excessive keratin
202
Erythroplasia
thickened red
203
Papilloma
wart like growth
cancer risk
can resolve spontaneously in kids
surgery common
204
Senosis
VF webbing
205
Synechia
VF do not fully seperate at birth web
206
Laryngomalacia
epiglottis misshaped resonance issue
207
Puberphonia
mutational falsetto- male, psychological, high tones
208
Juvenile voice
female version mutational falsetto
209
How arthrities effect voice
Crichothyroide / Cricoarytenoid
210
Wisconsin Card Sorting Test
assess executive function
| measure perseveration
211
Self-modeling
client demonstrate/ record on video
| Clinician can review/comment
212
Cognitive Communication Impairment
happens at the discourse level
213
Displacement Coping Strategy
transfer stress toward patient rather than the true source
214
Projection Coping Strategy
Attributing emotions/feeling of someone else to them
215
Denial Coping Strategy
deny a stressful problem exists
216
Rationalization Coping Strategy
justification of behavior, a shifting of responsibility to another person
217
Confidentiality protection health care
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
218
Contraction of Diaphragm
dec pressure of alveoli (gets bigger)
inc pressure/volume of thoracic cavity
inhalation
219
Diaphragm return to resting
inc pressure of alveoli (compress)
dec pressure/volume of thoracic cavity
exhalation
220
Phonation occurs
on the exhal, when VF adduct
221
Morphological Awarness
conscious manipulation of morphemes, the smallest meaningful units of language.
ex. activites analyze prefixes and suffixes
222
Multiple Oppositions Therapy
good for when one phoneme is substituted for a bunch of phonemes
(phoneme collapse)
223
Maximum pairs and treatment of empty set
Need at least 6 speech sounds missing from inventory
1 known 1 unknown
2 unknown consonants
224
Metaphon
phonological rules don't understand
225
Count as 1 Morpheme
plurals never occuring in singular (pants, clothes)
does
let's, don't, won't
226
Probe
tests clients ability to transfer targets trained directly in therapy to ones not directly trained
227
Stroboscopy
view VF
228
Mirror test
check for nasal emission does not tell you the cause, oral sounds
229
Flexible endoscopy
insert nasal cavity, assess for velopharyngeal insufficiency
230
Rigid endoscopy
insert oral cavity
231
auditory nerve
Cranial nerve VIII, acoustic neuroma
232
cervical auscultation
acoustic energy is released at the point when the bolus enters the pharynx and again when it enters the esophagus. A third release of sound occurs when the glottis is released. This energy is audible as a burst of sound (or a “click”) . Place stethoscope on back of throat 3 clicks ( testing for possible dysphagia)
233
Complexity Approach
a clinician to choose targets that are more linguistically complex and later-developing. The client will naturally fill in earlier developing rules
234
Developmental Approach
choose the earliest-developing possible goal
235
adolescent offenders
7 times more likely to have hearing loss
236
PEG tube
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy
237
Protect student records/ confidentiality
The Family Education Rights and Privacy Act
238
Focus on voiced phonemes in the final position can elicit
an intrusive schwa
239
OT
fine motor skills, improving the patient's ability to perform activities of daily living
240
PT
the patient's ability to move their body
241
Semantic Paraphasia
word substitutions based on similar meaning fork/knife
242
type-token ratio
of different words(no repeats)/ total # of words produced
243
Nasal cul de sac
saying something with oral sounds only while pinching the nose. Then doing it again without pinching the nose. If sound different then poor velopharyngeal function
244
Focused stimulation approach
focus on specific target
245
Explicit
clinician states the learning goal
246
Implicit
clinician does not state the learning goal( play based therapy modeling without specifying target)
247
mand
requesting (verbal behavioral therapy)
248
tact
labeling objects, actions (verbal behavioral therapy)
249
echoic
imitating (verbal behavioral therapy)
250
neurogenic stuttering
treatment slower than developmental stuttering but similar
251
Mutual gaze
look at eachother
252
localization
infant turns toward sound in the room
253
joint action
playing joint game ex: peek a boo
254
joint attention
both gaze at object, toy
255
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy
degenaritive disease caused by head trauma
256
rooting
primative reflex, head turn, gone by 3 to 6 months
257
suckle
primative reflex, gone by 6 to 12 months, tongue, lower lip, and jaw working in unison while the tongue moves forward and backward and the jaw moves up and down
258
suck
primative reflex, up/down tongue, goes away by 2 years
259
Hard glottal attacks
vocal folds come together suddenly during voiced sounds
260
Coughing
assess glottal closure,
| poor glottal closure=breathiness
261
throat clearing
can assess glottal closure
| weak= paralysis VF, VF lesion
262
s/z ratio
identify poor respiratory support
263
clinical swallow assessment
bedside swallow assessment
| no imaging
264
psychometric properties
validity, reliability
265
The Mann Assessment of Swallowing Ability
good psychometric properties, clinical swallow assessment
266
Evans blue dye test
evaluate aspiration in patients with tracheotomies
267
videofluoroscopic swallow study
Modified Barium
268
falsetto
high
269
high sustained phonation useful to test
movement of lateral pharyngeal wall (maybe looking for paralysis)
270
Older Americans Act
dignity & welfare of elderly
271
The Rehabilitation Act
provisions for vocational training for persons with severe disabilities.
272
bands of faucial pillars (oropharynx) from anterior to posterior
glossopalatine arch, pharyngopalatine arch
273
Transition of Thinking
preoperational (2,7 symbolic), concrete (logical literal), formal (abstract adolescense)
274
Shaker technique
head lift, strengthen suprahyoid muscles help with PE segment opening (lie down and lift head not shoulder for sustained duration)
275
super-supraglottic swallow
breath hold and bear down when swallowing to improve glottal closure and protect the airway
276
extending the head upwards
widens the laryngeal vestible and squishes the vallecula (opposite positioning the opposite occurs)
277
head/neck radiation therapy side effects
xerostomia (dry mouth), edema (swelling), mucositis (inflamation oral pain)
278
cued speech
a system of hand signals that provide visual cues of the place, manner, and voicing features of speech sounds
279
false-belief task
assess social communication skills
| understand the perspectives and mental states
280
Cloze task
fill in the blank
| assess morphosyntactic
