Speech Sound Disorders Flashcards
Speech Sound Disorders are an umbrella term for anything pertaining to…
- Perception of speech sounds
- Motor production of speech sounds
- Phonological representations/use of speech sounds
Expert Panel on Multilingual Children’s Speech (Definition of Speech Sound Disorders)
Children with SSD can have any combination of difficulties with perception, motor production, and/or phonological representations of speech segments (consonants and vowels), phonotactics (syllable and word shapes), prosody (stress, intonation, lexical and grammatical tones, rhythm), that may impact speech intelligibility and accessibility
ICD-11 Definition of Speech Sound Disorders
Developmental SSDis characterized by difficulties in… acquisition, perception, or production. This results in errors of pronunciation (number/type of errors, overall quality) that are OUTSIDE the normal variation expected for the age/level. Results in reduced intelligibility/significantly affects communication. Errors cannot be explained by social, cultural, and other environmental variations (regional dialects) and are not attributable to a hearing loss or neurological impairment.
Incidence and Prevalence
Incidence of SSD = (new cases within a specified period)
Prevalence (total number of cases in a given period)
Incidence and Prevalence (#’s)
- 2.3% to 24.6% are estimated to have a speech delay or SSD.
- 48.1% of 3-10 yrs who have a communication disorder have a SSD
- 24.4% of 11-17 yrs who have a communication disorder also have a SSD
- Residual/persistent errors occur in 1% to 2% of the older children/adult population.
- More prevalent in boys than in girls (1.5:1 to 1 to 1.8:1)
Articulation Disorder
Difficulties with the motor production aspects of speech sounds or the inability to produce specific speech sounds. Diagnositc category that indicates an individuals speech sound productions vary widely from the norm.
Phonological Disorder
Impaired comprehension and/or use of the sound systems of a language and the rules that govern those sound combinations.
Phonological Delay
Speech sound errors that are often noted as “normal” errors found in young children as they acquire specific sounds. A “delay” usually indicates the premise that the child will catch up and achieve normal development.
Organic
- can be developmental or acquired
- due to motor / neurological disorders (e.g., CAS, dysarthria)
- due to structural abnormalities (e.g., cleft lip / palate)
- sensory/perceptual disorders (e.g., hearing impairment)
Functional
- idiopathic / no known cause
- articulation (motor aspects)
- phonology (linguistic aspects)
Articulation
The totality of motor processes involved in the planning and execution of speech
Phonology
The study of the sound system of a language examines the sound units of that particular language, how these sounds are arranged, their systematic organization, and the rule system.
Articulation describes the speech sound production of __________.
Individuals; for example, “the articulation of /s/ was incorrect”; and tests that examine the production of speech sounds
Phonology describes the __________ and ____________ of _______ _________.
inventory; arrangement; sound units, for example, the Spanish phonological system has fewer vowels than American English. The phoneme /s/ is present in Spanish but not /z/.
A few more statistics…
- 74.7% of pre-k students enrolled in SLP services for “articulation/intelligibility”
- Majority of 14,852 school students who receive SLP services across 37 states were receiving services for “speech sound production”
- 11% to 40% of children w/ SSD had concomitant language impairment
- Poor speech sound production in Kinder has been linked to lower literacy outcomes & a greater likelihood of reading disorders
