Consonants & Vowels Flashcards
/b/
voiced bilabial stop, obstruent, plosive
/p/
voiceless bilabial stop, obstruent, plosive
/t/
voiceless alveolar stop, obstruent, plosive
/d/
voiced alveolar stop, obstruent, plosive
/k/
voiceless velar stop, obstruent, plosive
/g/
voiced velar stop, obstruent, plosive
/ʔ/
voiceless glottal stop, obstruent plosive
/f/
voiceless labiodental fricative, obstruent
/v/
voiced labiodental fricative, obstruent
/θ/
voiceless interdental fricative, obstruent
/ð/
voiced interdental fricative, obstruent
/s/
voiceless alveolar fricative, obstruent
/z/
voiced alveolar fricative, obstruent
/ʃ/
voiceless palatal fricative, obstruent
/ʒ/
voiced palatal fricative, obstruent
/h/
voiceless glottal fricative, obstruent
/tʃ/
voiceless palatal affricative, obstruent
/dʒ/
voiced palatal affricative, obstruent
/m/
voiced bilabial nasal, sonorant
/n/
voiced alveolar nasal, sonorant
/ŋ/
voiced velar nasal, sonorant
/l/
voiced alveolar lateral/liquid, sonorant
/r/ (ɹ)
voiced palatal rhotic/liquid, sonorant
/w/
voiced bilabial glide, sonorant
/j/
voiced palatal glide, sonorant
/(w)/
voiced velar glide, sonorant
nasals, liquids, glides are always _______ and called __________.
voiced, sonorants
consonants are always _____________.
obstruents
Markedness of consonants and vowels
- Naturalness: designates
1) the relative simplicity of sound production and
2) its frequency of occurrence (natural sounds= easier to produce and more frequent) - Markedness: refers to sounds that are relatively more difficult to produce and occur less frequently
The most sonorous is
vowels
Voiceless obstruents (stops, fricatives, affricates) are ______ natural/unmarked than voiced
more
Obstruents are _____ natural/unmarked than sonorants (vowels, glides, liquids)
more
Stops are _____ natural/unmarked than fricatives
more
Fricatives are ______ natural/unmarked than affricates
more
Anterior/front consonants are _____ natural/unmarked than non-anterior consonants
more
Low front vowels ______ appear to be the ______ natural/unmarked vowels
(æ, ɑ, ɔ); most
Close-tense vowels _____ are ______ natural/unmarked than open-lax vowels
(i, u); more
Children tend to start syllables with a _____ rise and end with a _____ fall
large; small
Children reduce word-_____ consonant clusters in a manner that produces a maximal
____ in sonority
@ I position: fricative + stop (st, sp) least sonorous (t, p) - stop top
: fricative + nasal (sm, sn) least sonorous (s) - snake sake
initial; rise
Word-_____consonant clusters are reduced in a manner to produce a minimal ____ in sonority
@ F position: fricative + stop (st) most sonorous (s) - fast fas
final; fall
the least sonorous is
voiceless stops (p, t, k)
Sonority levels 0
vowels
Sonority levels 1
glides (w, j)
Sonority levels 2
liquids (l, r)
Sonority levels 3
nasals (m, n, ŋ)
Sonority levels 4
voiced fricatives (v, ð, z, ʒ)
Sonority levels 5
voiceless fricatives (f, θ, s, ʃ)
Sonority levels 6
voiced stops (b, d, g)
Sonority levels 7
voiceless stops (p, t, k)
[i]
close front unrounded vowel
[u]
close back protruded vowel
[a]
open front unrounded vowel
[ɑ]
open back unrounded vowel [ɑ]
