Speech sound development WK 5 Flashcards
Why is sound important
form words used within language, put together to form sentences to convey our complex ideas.
-relate to literacy – letter/s (graphemes) represent sounds
Describe the respiratory system and it’s part in speech production
-diaphragm contracts and enlarges lungs, expanding rib cage. Air drawn in via pressure, filling bronchus, leading to bronchiole and alveoli.
-Air pushed out and up trachea through power of lungs, diaphragm and related muscles
What is the larynx. Describe laryngeal system and it’s role in speech production
-larynx=voice box. boney structure housing vocal folds
-vocal folds match mucous mem. stretched horizontally across larynx.
-glottis=space between folds
-brought together (adducted), air pressure builds up
-folds energised by air from lungs, vibrate/phonate.
-creates sound wave
-controlled by vagus nerve
-epiglottis covers larynx to prevent food entering the lungs when swallowing
Describe super-laryngeal system and it’s role in speech production
-sound wave travel up ‘vocal tract’ through pharynx, out through nose and mouth.
-then resonates/made greater depending on shape of tract, giving different sound quality to sound wave.
-make different sounds by moving lips, tongue, soft palate.
-move tongue around; teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate and soft palate.
Differ between making consonant sounds and vowels
consonant: constrict flow of air in super-laryngeal phase. -Using lips, teeth, tongue, velum or pharynx
vowel: move tongue to different places in mouth, air flows freely – no constrictions.
how many letters are in the alphabet? how sounds in english?
26 letters in alphabet but 44 sounds in English
Why are there multiple ways of spelling any given sound?
-Letters pronounced by different sounds e.g.
./i/ in - light, lit,
-Some sounds associated with different letters e.g.
./or/ in - core, law, cause
./v/ in - Dove, of
-Sometimes two letters give one sound e.g.
.thin, photo, chin, pick
-Sometimes one letter = 2 sounds e.g.
.Flex = flecks
.Qantas = /kw/
-Letters can be silent e.g. Psychology, Doubt
-Letters cannot represent some sounds e.g.
Cute, argue (where is y sound?)
do look cover write check of consonants in IPA then vowels of IPA
….
what are diphthongs
two vowels
/eɪ/ day, main, feint, fete
/aɪ/ fight, kite, pie
/ɔɪ/ toy, pointw
/aʊ/ about, house, cow
/oʊ/ bow, sew, dough
/ɪə/ ear, beer, here
/eə/ there, flare, care
define consonants. what are their classifications
produced with restricted vocal tract, classified according to:
-Place, Manner, Voicing
define vowels. Specify the types of tongue height and movement
relatively unobstructed vocal tract, fold vibration combined with tongue movement
-Tongue height: high, mid, low
-Tongue advancement: front, central or back
What is place of articulation? What are its types
Where the articulators are constricted to produce the sound
-Bilabial/labial
-Labiodental
-Interdental/lingua-dental
-Alveolar or lingua-alveolar
-Palatal or lingua-palatal
-Velar
-Glottal
Where are bilabial/labial articulators? What are it’s consonants?
produced with closed lips (p, b, m, w)
Where are labiodental articulators? What are it’s consonants?
lower lip resting against upper teeth (f, v)
Where are interdental/lingua-dental articulators? What are it’s consonants?
tongue between teeth (ɵ,ð=th)
Where are alveolar or lingua-alveolar articulators? What are it’s consonants?
tongue in contact with alveolar ridge (t, d, s, z, n, l)
Where are palatal or lingua-palatal articulators? What are it’s consonants?
tongue near or contacting hard plate (r, j, ʃ, ʒ, dʒ, ʧ)
Where are glottal articulators? What are it’s consonants?
produced around the glottis (h)
Where are velar articulators? What are it’s consonants?
tongue touches velum or soft palate (g, k, weird n)
Define manner. What are it’s types?
How airflow manipulated to make sound
Stop/plosive
Fricative
Affricate
Nasal
Approximants: Liquid and Glide
What is stop/plosive manner. What are it’s consonants?
articulators pressed together tightly then air is released quickly (p, b, t, d, k, g)-air can’t escape through nose
What is fricative manner. What are it’s consonants?
slow turbulence of air within vocal tract caused by friction of articulators close together and air forced through it (F, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h)
What is affricative manner. What are it’s consonants?
begin with stop , ends with fricative (ʧ,ʤ = ch and j)
What is nasal manner. What are it’s consonants?
open velum, air flows through nasal cavity (m, n, ng)
What is approximants manner. What are it’s consonants? What is meant by liquid and glide?
articulators only approximate one another-don’t make complete closure. Two types-liquids and glides
Liquid: no friction, more like vowel but curled tongue, side passage around tongue (L, r)-tip of tongue
Glide: no friction, more like vowel. Air escapes via mouth, but direction of flow altered by gliding over tongue before exiting lips (w, j= w and y)-body of tongue raised
What are the phonological processes
-Syllable structure processes- where basic CV structure of words simplified
-Assimilation processes- two different sounds produced in same way to make it easier
-Substitution processes- more difficult to produce sounds replaced with easier
What are syllable structure processes
-Deletion of final C: cu for cup
-Deletion of initial C: up for cup
-Deletion of unstressed syllables: nana for banana
-Reduction of C clusters: top for stop
-Epenthesis: bu-lue for blue
What are assimilation processes
-Reduplication: wawa (water), dada (daddy)
-Denasalisation – douse (mouse)
-Final C devoicing – pick (pig)
-Prevocalic voicing – ga (car)
What are substitution processes
-Stopping (fricative sounds replaced with a stop): /Shell/ becomes /dell/
-Fronting (back sound replaced with front sound): /Cup/ becomes /tup/
-Cluster substitution (one of the sounds in cluster is altered): /Frog/ becomes /dog/
-Liquid gliding (liquid sound becomes glide): /red/ becomes /wed/
