Communication and linguistics Wk 1 Flashcards

◦To identify the differences between speech, language and communication. ◦To identify the main properties of language ◦To determine what is linguistic aspects of communication, and what are paralinguistic and metalinguistic aspects of communication. ◦To identify and describe the five components of language

1
Q

What are the 5 key ideas of language development

A

-predictable
-developmental milestones attained at same ish age in children
-developmental opportunity is needed
-children have developmental changes(periods of change)
-individuals differ greatly

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2
Q

Define communication providing examples. What is required for communication to occur?

A

active multimodal means of exchanging information, feelings, or ideas between participants e.g. speech, gestures, drawing

required:
-communicative competence (appropriate use of language in interaction)
-communicative interaction i.e. receiver (decoder) and sender (encoder)
-involves sending info (encoding), transmitting and comprehending (decoding)

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3
Q

Define linguistic. What are it’s features

A

language based communication that utilises complex codes.
e.g.
-speaking and listening
-writing and reading
-signing

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4
Q

Define extralinguistic. What are it’s 3 types.

A

beyond language based communication.
paralinguistic
non-linguistic
metalinguistic

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5
Q

Define paralinguistic communication providing some examples

A

non-language features used to assist language to communicate e.g.
affect/facial expressions, proxemics, speech rate, gesture, volume, pauses, prosody, posture

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6
Q

Define non-linguistic communication providing some examples

A

uses no language to communicate, other methods e.g.
affect/facial expressions, gesture, posture

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7
Q

Define metalinguistic

A

ability to discuss/analyse a language

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8
Q

Provide examples of gestures, affect and posture

A

gestures: head nods, shrugs
posture: slouched
affect: facial expressions (creased brow, downturn mouth)

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9
Q

Define proxemics

A

distance between speaker and the listener

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10
Q

Define prosody

A

the duration (length/stress), intensity (loudness, amplitude), and frequency (pitch) of speech

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11
Q

Use an example to define intonation

A

rising intonation=question/falling intonation=statement

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12
Q

Define language and it’s facts/components. Explain each fact/component

A

a code or conventional system which uses symbols (phonemes) that carry meaning (symbolic)
-bound by finite rules (socially accepted)
-arbitrary (rules are not based on anything)
-always changing (can be made from existing languages)

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13
Q

Define speech. What else does it concern than just oral?

A

Verbal/oral expression of language utilising sounds (physical act)
-execution requires precise coordination of muscle to make sounds
-also concerns: voice quality, intonation, rate

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14
Q

Define articulation

A

production of speech sounds (phonemes)

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15
Q

Define voice

A

Use of vocal folds (phonation), oral cavity (resonance) and breath support(respiration) to produce sounds

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16
Q

Define fluency

A

rhythm and pauses of speech

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17
Q

Define stress

A

emphasis of specific words/speech sounds

18
Q

What percentage of information carried in communication is via speech

A

40%

19
Q

Define dialect

A

subcategories of parent language (bound by similar but not identical rules)

20
Q

What is the language code

A

sign/symbol: spoken or written word
referent: actual thing/action

symbol does not give info about referent but is the CODE

21
Q

Define literal words

A

words can sound like the meaning to some extent

22
Q

What are the 3 forms of language? what do they have in common

A

-oral
-written
-symbolic
all bound by finite rules, are symbolic, and arbitrary

23
Q

Provide examples of oral language

A

-casual conversation
-exposition
-service encounter
-interview
-story telling
-jokes
-argument/debate
tone should be controlled/requires hearing proficiency

24
Q

Provide examples and areas of fault with written language

A

-newspapers
-internet
-books
-email
-text messaging
-legalese
-academic paper/journals
cant convey tone so can go wrong in displaying true meaning/require reading proficiency

25
Q

Define orthography

A

describes the symbols or alphabet letters (graphemes) of written language
no one to one correlation between graphemes and phonemes

26
Q

Provide types of sign language (symbolic?)

A

AUSLAN, British sign language
Amerslan (ASL)
Key word signing (“makaton”)
have to be directly looking at someone

27
Q

What are the 2 modes of language

A

receptive: (auditory comprehension) understanding of spoken or written language (comprehension)
expressive: (written/oral) ability to convey meaning/thoughts through production of words and sentences

28
Q

Write a brief summary of components of language (draw tree branches)

A

form
-syntax
-morphology (morphemes)
-phonology (phonemes)
content
-semantics
use
-pragmatics

29
Q

Define syntax (as part of form). What does it allow for? How are sentences organised?

A

rules for order and combination of words to create a sentence i.e. how words are sequenced and related in utterances
- allow obtain of precise utterance meanings (rules must be followed)

-sentences organised according to function (subject+verb+object)

30
Q

Define morphology (as part of form)

A

linguistic rules concern internal struc of words. Govern order/combo of words or smaller units to form other words or sentences

31
Q

Describe morphemes. Types of morphemes?

A

smallest meaningful unit in/a part of a word
-free: independent/can have meaning alone
-unmoving/bound: grammatical markers that cannot function/makes sense on own
.inflectional morpheme: change tense/indicate noun number
.derivational: change words meaning

32
Q

Define phonology. What is meant by phonetics?

A

rules governing structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds to form words (language specific)
-phonetics: motor analysis of sound systems of a language

33
Q

Describe phonemes

A

speech sounds. Smallest linguistic unit of sounds that can signal difference in meaning (d or l, dog vs log)

34
Q

Define semantics. What can it represent?

A

rules governing meaning of words and word combination i.e. content of utterance.
can rep:
-items:chair
-attributes:pretty
-concepts:thought
-actions:drive

35
Q

What can influence meaning of words

A

social/cultural differences

36
Q

Describe the areas of conceptional development in children.

A

size/dimension: big/little/tall/short
direction/position: under/over/near/far
self/social: happy/sad/old/young
quantity: lots/few/full/empty
time/order: first/last/morning/night

37
Q

Define antonyms vs synonyms in relation to semantics

A

syn: more semantic features shared, more alike they are (synonym)
ant: often have one or more semantic features different

38
Q

Define selection restriction

A

based on semantic features and prohibit specific word combination because they are meaningless/redundant

39
Q

Define pragmatics providing examples of choices based on context

A

rules or appropriate language use within a communication context e.g.
-word choice, amount of speech, topic, eye contact, etc due to setting;
-casual convo, exposition, service encounter, interview

40
Q

Define Grice’s maxim of quality, relation, and manner

A

quality: truthful/based on sufficient evidence
relation: relevant to topic/discussion
manner: clear, brief, orderly as possible/avoid obscurity and ambiguity

41
Q

Provide examples of pragmatic rule breaking

A

You go to a party and a man bores you by talking at length about Pokemon?

You friend Stacey always exaggerates so you never know when to believe her?

A man at the club gets too close to your face and makes you uncomfortable?

Your Mum always interrupts and talks about something else when you are telling her a story?

42
Q

What is phonation

A

process of setting vocal folds into vibration producing sound
-study of perception and production of speech sounds