Communication and linguistics Wk 1 Flashcards
◦To identify the differences between speech, language and communication. ◦To identify the main properties of language ◦To determine what is linguistic aspects of communication, and what are paralinguistic and metalinguistic aspects of communication. ◦To identify and describe the five components of language
What are the 5 key ideas of language development
-predictable
-developmental milestones attained at same ish age in children
-developmental opportunity is needed
-children have developmental changes(periods of change)
-individuals differ greatly
Define communication providing examples. What is required for communication to occur?
active multimodal means of exchanging information, feelings, or ideas between participants e.g. speech, gestures, drawing
required:
-communicative competence (appropriate use of language in interaction)
-communicative interaction i.e. receiver (decoder) and sender (encoder)
-involves sending info (encoding), transmitting and comprehending (decoding)
Define linguistic. What are it’s features
language based communication that utilises complex codes.
e.g.
-speaking and listening
-writing and reading
-signing
Define extralinguistic. What are it’s 3 types.
beyond language based communication.
paralinguistic
non-linguistic
metalinguistic
Define paralinguistic communication providing some examples
non-language features used to assist language to communicate e.g.
affect/facial expressions, proxemics, speech rate, gesture, volume, pauses, prosody, posture
Define non-linguistic communication providing some examples
uses no language to communicate, other methods e.g.
affect/facial expressions, gesture, posture
Define metalinguistic
ability to discuss/analyse a language
Provide examples of gestures, affect and posture
gestures: head nods, shrugs
posture: slouched
affect: facial expressions (creased brow, downturn mouth)
Define proxemics
distance between speaker and the listener
Define prosody
the duration (length/stress), intensity (loudness, amplitude), and frequency (pitch) of speech
Use an example to define intonation
rising intonation=question/falling intonation=statement
Define language and it’s facts/components. Explain each fact/component
a code or conventional system which uses symbols (phonemes) that carry meaning (symbolic)
-bound by finite rules (socially accepted)
-arbitrary (rules are not based on anything)
-always changing (can be made from existing languages)
Define speech. What else does it concern than just oral?
Verbal/oral expression of language utilising sounds (physical act)
-execution requires precise coordination of muscle to make sounds
-also concerns: voice quality, intonation, rate
Define articulation
production of speech sounds (phonemes)
Define voice
Use of vocal folds (phonation), oral cavity (resonance) and breath support(respiration) to produce sounds
Define fluency
rhythm and pauses of speech
Define stress
emphasis of specific words/speech sounds
What percentage of information carried in communication is via speech
40%
Define dialect
subcategories of parent language (bound by similar but not identical rules)
What is the language code
sign/symbol: spoken or written word
referent: actual thing/action
symbol does not give info about referent but is the CODE
Define literal words
words can sound like the meaning to some extent
What are the 3 forms of language? what do they have in common
-oral
-written
-symbolic
all bound by finite rules, are symbolic, and arbitrary
Provide examples of oral language
-casual conversation
-exposition
-service encounter
-interview
-story telling
-jokes
-argument/debate
tone should be controlled/requires hearing proficiency
Provide examples and areas of fault with written language
-newspapers
-internet
-books
-email
-text messaging
-legalese
-academic paper/journals
cant convey tone so can go wrong in displaying true meaning/require reading proficiency
Define orthography
describes the symbols or alphabet letters (graphemes) of written language
no one to one correlation between graphemes and phonemes
Provide types of sign language (symbolic?)
AUSLAN, British sign language
Amerslan (ASL)
Key word signing (“makaton”)
have to be directly looking at someone
What are the 2 modes of language
receptive: (auditory comprehension) understanding of spoken or written language (comprehension)
expressive: (written/oral) ability to convey meaning/thoughts through production of words and sentences
Write a brief summary of components of language (draw tree branches)
form
-syntax
-morphology (morphemes)
-phonology (phonemes)
content
-semantics
use
-pragmatics
Define syntax (as part of form). What does it allow for? How are sentences organised?
rules for order and combination of words to create a sentence i.e. how words are sequenced and related in utterances
- allow obtain of precise utterance meanings (rules must be followed)
-sentences organised according to function (subject+verb+object)
Define morphology (as part of form)
linguistic rules concern internal struc of words. Govern order/combo of words or smaller units to form other words or sentences
Describe morphemes. Types of morphemes?
smallest meaningful unit in/a part of a word
-free: independent/can have meaning alone
-unmoving/bound: grammatical markers that cannot function/makes sense on own
.inflectional morpheme: change tense/indicate noun number
.derivational: change words meaning
Define phonology. What is meant by phonetics?
rules governing structure, distribution and sequencing of speech sounds to form words (language specific)
-phonetics: motor analysis of sound systems of a language
Describe phonemes
speech sounds. Smallest linguistic unit of sounds that can signal difference in meaning (d or l, dog vs log)
Define semantics. What can it represent?
rules governing meaning of words and word combination i.e. content of utterance.
can rep:
-items:chair
-attributes:pretty
-concepts:thought
-actions:drive
What can influence meaning of words
social/cultural differences
Describe the areas of conceptional development in children.
size/dimension: big/little/tall/short
direction/position: under/over/near/far
self/social: happy/sad/old/young
quantity: lots/few/full/empty
time/order: first/last/morning/night
Define antonyms vs synonyms in relation to semantics
syn: more semantic features shared, more alike they are (synonym)
ant: often have one or more semantic features different
Define selection restriction
based on semantic features and prohibit specific word combination because they are meaningless/redundant
Define pragmatics providing examples of choices based on context
rules or appropriate language use within a communication context e.g.
-word choice, amount of speech, topic, eye contact, etc due to setting;
-casual convo, exposition, service encounter, interview
Define Grice’s maxim of quality, relation, and manner
quality: truthful/based on sufficient evidence
relation: relevant to topic/discussion
manner: clear, brief, orderly as possible/avoid obscurity and ambiguity
Provide examples of pragmatic rule breaking
You go to a party and a man bores you by talking at length about Pokemon?
You friend Stacey always exaggerates so you never know when to believe her?
A man at the club gets too close to your face and makes you uncomfortable?
Your Mum always interrupts and talks about something else when you are telling her a story?
What is phonation
process of setting vocal folds into vibration producing sound
-study of perception and production of speech sounds
