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Longwood University > Speech Science Quiz 1 > Flashcards

Speech Science Quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is wave?

A

disturabance being composed of vibrations that move within a medium

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2
Q

The speed of the wave is….. not dependingn on ……

A

constant

amplitude and frequency

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3
Q

Do particles travel with the wave?

A

No! They don’t! They oscillate back and forth. It’s the disturbance that travels with the wave.

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4
Q

When molecules constantly move around in random patterns @high speeds refers to ……

A

Brownian motion

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5
Q

Wave that the particles move in a parallel to the direction of the wave

A

longitudinal wave

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6
Q

Wave that the particles move perpendicularly to the direction of the wave

A

transverse wave

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7
Q

Pulse wave refers to

A

single disturbance

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8
Q

Examples of pulse wave

A

1 stone thrown into a pond
row of dominoes falling
a single clap
Voiced & voiceless plosives; African clicks

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9
Q

Frequency is

A

cycles per second (Hz)

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10
Q

Cycle is

A

1 alternating compression and rarefraction

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11
Q

Frequency range of sound vibrations that humans can hear

A

20Hz - 20,000 Hz

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12
Q

Sounds too low in frequency to be audible are called ……

A

subsonic

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13
Q

Sounds too high to be audible

A

ultrasonic

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14
Q

Speech frequency

A

100-5,000 Hz

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15
Q

Fundamental frequency of the human voice created by the vocal cords is in the ….….. Hz range

A

80-500 Hz

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16
Q

Audible harmonics of the fundamental frequency and sounds made in the oral cavity are extended to ……

A

5,000 Hz

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17
Q

Period is

A

time to complete one cycle

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18
Q

Relationship of Frequency and period

A 
Frequency = 1/t
Period = 1/frequency
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19
Q

If frequency = 100 Hz, the t =

A

1/100 = 0.01

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20
Q

If t= 0.005, the frequency =

A

5/1000 = 200 Hz

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21
Q

Period and frequency of a wave are inversely related

Explain the relationship

A

Higher f shorter period

Lower f longer period

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22
Q

Wavelength

A

distance traveled during 1 cycle

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23
Q

Wavelength depends on

A

frequency and speecd of sound

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24
Q

Relationshop between frequency and wavelength

Explain

A

inverse relationship

Higher frequency shorter wavelength
Lower frequency longer wave length

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25
Q

Amplitude is

A

the size of the local disturbance (compression and rarefaction of air molecule)

Magnitude of the oscillation

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26
Q

Intensity is

A

the power per unit area

proportional to the square of the amplitude

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27
Q

Unit of amplitude

A

dB

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28
Q

Intentisy scale

A

dB SPL

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29
Q

Decibels are

A

a manageable measurement of wide range of human hearing

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30
Q

1 decibel = …… of a bel

A

1/10th

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31
Q

An increase of 10 dB represents

A

sound level: ten-fold increase (10x)

perceived loudness: twice

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32
Q

Base indicates

A

how much each unit increases

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33
Q

Exponent indicates

A

how often the base is multiplied by itself

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34
Q

Does 0 dB mean there is no sound?

A

No! It means the sound present is the same as the reference sound

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35
Q

0dB

A

the reference sound for the threshold for normal human hearing

below which the sound waves are too small to be perceived

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36
Q

30 dB is ….. time as intense (compared to 0 dB)

A

1000x

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37
Q

30 dB is perceived as …… time louder (compared to 0 dB)

A

8 times

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38
Q

Intensity diminishes with increasing …….

A

distance

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39
Q

Each doubling of distance from the source to the listener reduces the SPL by …..dB

A

6 dB

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40
Q

Frequency is perceived as …..

A

pitch

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41
Q

Amplitude /Intensity is perceived as

A

loudness

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42
Q

Duration perceived as …..

A

length

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43
Q

Duration is

A

time domain measured in seconds (words, phrases & sentences)

in milliseconds (individual vowels & consonants)

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44
Q

We have greater sensitivity to the dofferences between ….. compared to …….

A

Lower pitches

Higher pitches

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45
Q

Localization of high f (~1500Hz) is dependent on …….

A

head shadow effect

46
Q

The head casts shadow that in turn attenuates sound by at least …. dB or up to ….. dB

A

6dB/ 20dB

47
Q

Why higher frequencies tend to get blocked by the head

A

because the wavelength is short

48
Q

The ear located the nearest to the source of the sound is called

A

the leading ear

49
Q

The ear located opposite to the source of the sound is called

A

the lagging ear

50
Q

Waveform is ….

A

a graphical display that represents the alternating compressions and rarefractions of air molecules that make up the longitudinal sound pressure wave

51
Q

Compression is

A

When molecules are tighly packed

52
Q

Rarefaction is

A

when molecules are spread apart

53
Q

Instrument that displays any sound as a waveform

A

oscilloscope

54
Q

Sine (sinusoid) waves are simple ways that represent ….

A

a pure tone (single frequency)

55
Q

Complex waves represented ……

A

the sum of simpler waveforms

56
Q

Complex waves contain …… frequency (s)

A

more than 1 frequency

many soundwaves of different frequencies

57
Q

Complex waves can be ….. or …..

A

periodic or aperiodic

58
Q

Periodic complex waves are produced by

How is the pattern?

A

irregular vibration

repetitive pattern (simple (pure tone) or complex)

59
Q

Examples pf periodic complex waves

A

sine waves, waves created by most musical instruments

60
Q

Aperiodic waves have cycles of …..

They are random vibration and repeatable pattern

A

different length

61
Q

Examples of aperiodic waves

A 
noise (most natural sounds) 
ocean,
Leaves rustling 
dishes clattering 
clap snare drum (lack of perceived single frequency)
62
Q

When an aperiodic signal produces a noise of short duration, it is considered…..

(transient/ continuous signals)

A

transient

63
Q

Examples of transient signals

A

dropping a book
clicking your tongue
one clap of your hands

64
Q

Examples of continuous signals

A

hiss, wind blowing , paper rustling

65
Q

Sub-type signals of aperiodic waves

A

Transient & continuous signals

66
Q

In normal speech, …… acts as a source of periodic sound

A

the larynx

67
Q

Voice is treated as ……….. wave

A

complex periodic wave

quasiperodic

68
Q

In whispered speech, the larynx acts as a source of ……. sound

A

aperiodic

69
Q

……… can provide sources of aperiodic sound

A

Articulators

70
Q

Speech sounds that are catogorized as periodic

A

Vowels/ diphthongs
Nasals
Liquids
Glides

(All create resonance within yhe vocal tract > repeatable signal)

71
Q

Aperiodic speech sounds

A

Fricqtives, africates, stops/plosives

Produced by constriction of an airway with the articulators creating a noisy sound

72
Q

Speech sounds categorized as both or mixed periodic and aperiodic and why?

A

Voiced fritcatives, affricates and stops

because voicing has a periodic feature

73
Q

Speech sounds categorized as continuous sounds

A 
vowels/ diphthongs 
Nasals 
Liquids 
Glides 
Fricatives
74
Q

Speech sounds categorized as transient sounds

A

stops/ plosives

Affricates

75
Q

Interference occurs when

A

waves are combined

  • frequency generated from 2 sources
  • reflected from a barrier and competing with itself
76
Q

Types of interference

A

constructive & destructive interference

77
Q

What is constructive interference?

A

when the net effect of the interaction of 2 or more wave > a new wave with a larger amplitude

78
Q

What is destructive interference?

A

when the net effect of the interaction of 2 or more wave > a new wave with a lower amplitude

79
Q

Boundaries are

A

the inteface between 2 mediums

80
Q

The nature of the boundary ….. the sound.

A

influences

81
Q

Possible boundary behaviors:

A

reflection (bouncing backwards off a boundary)
diffraction (bending around an obstacle without going through a boundary)
transmission (going through a boundary)

82
Q

Reflection of sound waves off of surfaces can lead to 1 of 2 phenomena

A

an echo or a reverberation

83
Q

Reverberation is determined by

A

the size of a room (physical vol.) and amount of acoustic reflection

84
Q

Early reverberation …… speech perception since …..

Critical distance

A

enhances/ they arrive soon enough to be integrated with the direct sound

~ 8 ft.

85
Q

Late reverberation arrives ….. to

A

too late to be integrated with the direct signal or the early reverberation components (more than 0.1 of a second)

86
Q

The ……. the reverberation time (RT), the more …… speech is

A

longer/ unintelligible

87
Q

If the level of reverberationis still high enough, they …..

A

interfere with the direct sound by creating masking

88
Q

Echos occur when

A

a reflected sound wave reaches the ear more then 0.1 seconds after the original sound wave was heard

1st sound will have died out

2nd sound arrival perceived as the second sound rather than the prolonging like reverberation

89
Q

Fundamental frequency is

A

the basic frequency of a vibrating body

the lowest frequency contained in a complex periodic waveform

90
Q

Abbreviation of fundamental frequency

A

F-zero or F-nought

91
Q

A sound’s fundamental frequency is the main info telling your ear …..

A

how low or how high a frequency is (pitch)

92
Q

Harmonics

A

complex waveforms +more than 1 frequency of vibration

93
Q

Fundamental frequency is …… harmonic

A

first

94
Q

A resonator is

A

sth set into a forced vibration by another vibration

95
Q

2kinds of resonators

A
  1. Mechanical resonators

2. Acoustic resonators

96
Q

Key characteristics of a resonator

A
  • it does not initiate the vibration energy
  • vibration created elsewhere
  • vibration forces the resonator to vibrate in sympathy
97
Q

Resonance is

A

The tendency of a body to vibrate more readily @certain frequencies

98
Q

Natural frequency is influenced by mechanical characteristics of the object, including

A

stiffness
mass
length
included air vol

99
Q

Objects that act as filters …..

A

add or subtract from the complex input waveform

100
Q

Acoustical resonator

A

Enclosed container that the air is inside is set into vibration

101
Q

Examples of acoustic resonators in our body

A

the vocal tract & ear canals

102
Q

Any tube with one closed end and one open end, are called

A

quater-wave resonators

103
Q

Difference between waveform and line (power) spectrum

A

Waveform: time (x-axis) and amplitude (y-axis)

Line (power) spectrum: Amplitude & frequency > snapshot

104
Q

The spectogram is

A

graphic representation of sound in terms of their component frequencies

105
Q

Horizontal axis (x) of spectogram

A

time

106
Q

Vertical axis (y) of spectogram

A

frequency

107
Q

Darkness in spectogram shows

A

Intensity of each frequency

108
Q

2types of band spectogram

A

wide band

narrow band

109
Q

Wide band

A

combines harmonics

vocal fold pulses show as vertical lines

110
Q

Narrow band

A

individual harmonics
formant displayed horizontally
no vocal pulses shown

Longwood University (10 decks)

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