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Longwood University > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

The pyramidal tract begins in the….. and travel to …..

A

primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe to the brainstem > decussate to the orher side @medulla & spinal cord juntion

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2
Q

The decussation of pyramidal tract is responsible for

A

Contraateral innervation

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3
Q

2 parts of pyramidal tract (direct pathways)

A

corticobulbar & corticospinal tracts

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4
Q

Function of pyramida tract

A

Mediate gross motor movement rather than fine

Facial expression

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5
Q

Do both pyramidal tract and extrapyramidal tract exit the CNS?

A

No!

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6
Q

During speech & other voluntary activities, …… tract() be used to receive inputs.

A

Both tracts

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7
Q

The 2 tracts will influence the movements of the …….. so that the movements are smooth, graded, flowing and seemless.

A

LMN

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8
Q

Symptoma of lesion in pyramidal tract include

A 
increased muscle tone/ spasticity 
hyperreflexia 
Muscle weakness 
Changes in posture 
Involuntary movement
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9
Q

Both tracts may rise to a specific type of dysarthria called ……… that will have effect on ……

A

spastic dysarthria on phonation and prosody

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10
Q

Extrapyramida tract control

A

posture, muscle tone, reflexes and the coordination of these movements

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11
Q

Extrapyramidal tract makes several stops including

A

the basal ganglia and cerebellar control circuis and thalamus (biological clock)

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12
Q

Extrapyramidal tract begins in the ……. and travel to either ….. or

A

brainstem, cranial nerve nuclei or ventral horns of the spinal cord

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13
Q

Damage to extrapyramidal tract will produce

A

Dyskinesias (loss of coordination)

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14
Q

Basal ganglia circuit (BGCC) consists of

A 
caudate nucleus
putamen
globus pallidus 
substania nigra 
subthalamic nuclei
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15
Q

BGCC regulates

A 
muscle tone 
motor control (primary function) 
eye movements 
posture 
movements associated with goal-directed behavior 
sequencing of movements
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16
Q

Damage to BGCC will produce

A 
tremor 
bradykinesia or slowness of movement 
postural instability, 
involuntary movement changes,
difficulty in initiating & stopping movement 
cognitive impairments 
Gait disturbance
addictive behaviors 
mood state difficulties> to regulate emotional response
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17
Q

Damage to BGCC will produce … (movement disorders)

A

hyperkinesia (too much movement)

hypokinesia (too little movement)

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18
Q

Hypokinesia >

A

associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD)

hypokinetix dysarthria

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19
Q

PD is caused by a loss of neurotrasmitter …….

A

dopamine in the substansia nigra in BGCC

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20
Q

Hypkinetic dysarthria will have the greatest effect on

A

a phonation (voice), articulation and prosody (monopitch)

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21
Q

Hyperkinesis:

A

Chorea: random, dancelike movements that affect prosody the most
Dytonia: Slow, sustained and repetitive moevements that affect articulation the most

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22
Q

Cerebellar control circuit controls

A

coordination of muscle activity for smooth and skilled movement production.

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23
Q

Anterior lobe of the cerebellum regulates

A

posture, gait and truncal tone

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24
Q

Anterior lobe of the cerebellum regulates

A

skilled and finely-tuned movements

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25
Q

Flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum regulates

A

equilibrium

26
Q

Trauma to the cerebellar cc can give a rise to

A

a specific type of dysarthria called dataxic dysarthria

27
Q

Lesion to the cerebellum

A

druken quality to speech
speech errors in ataxic dysarthria
Tremor
Impairments of equilibriim when walking or standing
Nystagmus (Deficits in voluntary eye movements)

28
Q

Is the brainstem involved in cognitive processes?

A

NO

29
Q

The brainstem regulates

A

keeping you alive

life-sustaining processes

30
Q

The brainstem includes

A

Midbrain
Pons
medulla oblongata

31
Q

Functions of the brainstem

A

heart rate
Blood pressure
Digestion
Respiration control

32
Q

Medulla functions

A

respiration

33
Q

Pons function

A

breathing
communication between diff areas of the brain sensations (hearing, taste, balance, sleeping, swallowing and facial expressions

34
Q

Midbrain functions

A

Alertness, tenparature, sleep-wake cycle
inferior colloculi: part of auditory NS ( integrating and localizing sound)

superior colliculi: part of he visual NS (direct eye movements)

35
Q

acetylcholine (ACh) is

A

Excitatory

36
Q

ACh is in

A

PNS

37
Q

ACh will stimulate

A

skeletal muscle contraction

38
Q

ACh regulates ……

A

Alertness
Attention
Memory
Learning

39
Q

ACh linked to cognitive issues like

A

dementia

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)

40
Q

Glutamate is

A

excitatory

41
Q

The difference between ACh and glutamate

A

ACh: PNS
Glutamate: CNS

42
Q

Imbalances of glutamate >

A

schizophrenia

43
Q

Too much of glutamate

A

Seizure

44
Q

Too little of glutamate

A

fatique, cognitive impairment

45
Q

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is

A

Inhibitory

46
Q

GABA is in

A

CNS

47
Q

Functions of GABa

A

Blocking action of other neurotransmitters

sleep-wake cycles

48
Q

Low lvls of gaba

A

depression/ mood disorders

49
Q

High levels of gaba

A

insomnia
sleep problems
Impaired cognition

50
Q

Dopamine controls

A

Motor & reqard system

51
Q

Loss of dopamine

A

Parkinson’s disease

52
Q

Too much dopamine

A

Bipolar(Manic stage)
Psychosis
Schizophrenia
Addictions

53
Q

Epinephrine is

A

Excitatory

54
Q

Norepnephrine increases

A

Alertness
Focused attention
Enhanced memory

55
Q

Low lvls of Norepinephrine

A

depression/ ADHD/ decreased energy

56
Q

High lvls of Norepinephrine

A

anxiety, panic attacks

57
Q

Serotonin is

A

Both excitatory and inhibitory

58
Q

Serotonin affects

A

Mood state, sleep and appetite

59
Q

Low lvls of setotonin

A

depression, anxiety OCD, earing disorders

60
Q

High lvls of serotonin

A

agitation

implicated in ASD

Longwood University (10 decks)

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