Neurology Flashcards
The pyramidal tract begins in the….. and travel to …..
primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe to the brainstem > decussate to the orher side @medulla & spinal cord juntion
The decussation of pyramidal tract is responsible for
Contraateral innervation
2 parts of pyramidal tract (direct pathways)
corticobulbar & corticospinal tracts
Function of pyramida tract
Mediate gross motor movement rather than fine
Facial expression
Do both pyramidal tract and extrapyramidal tract exit the CNS?
No!
During speech & other voluntary activities, …… tract() be used to receive inputs.
Both tracts
The 2 tracts will influence the movements of the …….. so that the movements are smooth, graded, flowing and seemless.
LMN
Symptoma of lesion in pyramidal tract include
increased muscle tone/ spasticity hyperreflexia Muscle weakness Changes in posture Involuntary movement
Both tracts may rise to a specific type of dysarthria called ……… that will have effect on ……
spastic dysarthria on phonation and prosody
Extrapyramida tract control
posture, muscle tone, reflexes and the coordination of these movements
Extrapyramidal tract makes several stops including
the basal ganglia and cerebellar control circuis and thalamus (biological clock)
Extrapyramidal tract begins in the ……. and travel to either ….. or
brainstem, cranial nerve nuclei or ventral horns of the spinal cord
Damage to extrapyramidal tract will produce
Dyskinesias (loss of coordination)
Basal ganglia circuit (BGCC) consists of
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus substania nigra subthalamic nuclei
BGCC regulates
muscle tone motor control (primary function) eye movements posture movements associated with goal-directed behavior sequencing of movements
Damage to BGCC will produce
tremor bradykinesia or slowness of movement postural instability, involuntary movement changes, difficulty in initiating & stopping movement cognitive impairments Gait disturbance addictive behaviors mood state difficulties> to regulate emotional response
Damage to BGCC will produce … (movement disorders)
hyperkinesia (too much movement)
hypokinesia (too little movement)
Hypokinesia >
associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD)
hypokinetix dysarthria
PD is caused by a loss of neurotrasmitter …….
dopamine in the substansia nigra in BGCC
Hypkinetic dysarthria will have the greatest effect on
a phonation (voice), articulation and prosody (monopitch)
Hyperkinesis:
Chorea: random, dancelike movements that affect prosody the most
Dytonia: Slow, sustained and repetitive moevements that affect articulation the most
Cerebellar control circuit controls
coordination of muscle activity for smooth and skilled movement production.
Anterior lobe of the cerebellum regulates
posture, gait and truncal tone
Anterior lobe of the cerebellum regulates
skilled and finely-tuned movements
Flocculonodular lobe of the cerebellum regulates
equilibrium
Trauma to the cerebellar cc can give a rise to
a specific type of dysarthria called dataxic dysarthria
Lesion to the cerebellum
druken quality to speech
speech errors in ataxic dysarthria
Tremor
Impairments of equilibriim when walking or standing
Nystagmus (Deficits in voluntary eye movements)
Is the brainstem involved in cognitive processes?
NO
The brainstem regulates
keeping you alive
life-sustaining processes
The brainstem includes
Midbrain
Pons
medulla oblongata
Functions of the brainstem
heart rate
Blood pressure
Digestion
Respiration control
Medulla functions
respiration
Pons function
breathing
communication between diff areas of the brain sensations (hearing, taste, balance, sleeping, swallowing and facial expressions
Midbrain functions
Alertness, tenparature, sleep-wake cycle
inferior colloculi: part of auditory NS ( integrating and localizing sound)
superior colliculi: part of he visual NS (direct eye movements)
acetylcholine (ACh) is
Excitatory
ACh is in
PNS
ACh will stimulate
skeletal muscle contraction
ACh regulates ……
Alertness
Attention
Memory
Learning
ACh linked to cognitive issues like
dementia
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Glutamate is
excitatory
The difference between ACh and glutamate
ACh: PNS
Glutamate: CNS
Imbalances of glutamate >
schizophrenia
Too much of glutamate
Seizure
Too little of glutamate
fatique, cognitive impairment
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is
Inhibitory
GABA is in
CNS
Functions of GABa
Blocking action of other neurotransmitters
sleep-wake cycles
Low lvls of gaba
depression/ mood disorders
High levels of gaba
insomnia
sleep problems
Impaired cognition
Dopamine controls
Motor & reqard system
Loss of dopamine
Parkinson’s disease
Too much dopamine
Bipolar(Manic stage)
Psychosis
Schizophrenia
Addictions
Epinephrine is
Excitatory
Norepnephrine increases
Alertness
Focused attention
Enhanced memory
Low lvls of Norepinephrine
depression/ ADHD/ decreased energy
High lvls of Norepinephrine
anxiety, panic attacks
Serotonin is
Both excitatory and inhibitory
Serotonin affects
Mood state, sleep and appetite
Low lvls of setotonin
depression, anxiety OCD, earing disorders
High lvls of serotonin
agitation
implicated in ASD
