Speech Production

Question 1

What is speech production?

Answer 1

Mental processes that sound into speech –> conceptualization, formulation, & articulation

Question 2

Weaver Model & Spreading Activation Model: processors and outputs

Answer 2

• Conceptual prep: lexical outputs
• Lexical selection: lemmas (mental representation that combines semantic and syntactic info)
• Morphological encoding: morphemes
• Phonological encoding: phonological words created
• Phonetic encoding: Gestural score (map of phonemes needed for an utterance + metrical information to plan pronunciation)
• Articulation: sound waves

Question 3

Weaver Model

Answer 3

Feed-forward model, information strictly flows forward

Question 4

Weaver Model: EVIDENCE

Answer 4

• Speech errors (e.g. substitution and exchanges): not random
• Tip-of-the-tongue experiences: correct lemma, missing phonemes
• Picture naming studies: people activate different concepts at the same speed

Question 5

Dell Model: Spreading Activation Model

Answer 5

Interactive and cascading, forward and backward flowing (same processors and outputs as Weaver Model)

Question 6

Dell Model: EVIDENCE

Answer 6

• Lexical bias effect: errors are more likely than chance to produce a real word
• Errors respect phonotactic constraints: don’t violate rules of how phonemes can be combined
• Mixed errors: word substitutions sound like/have similar meaning to target word