Speech Errors

Question 1

What are some types of psycholinguistic experiments?

Answer 1

lexical decision tasks
semantic priming
gating
shadowing
click detection

Question 2

What is a lexical decision task?

Answer 2

Participants have to decide whether a played/displayed word is of their language

Question 3

What are some general findings of lexical decision tasks?

Answer 3

• words are recognised as words faster than non-words are recognised as non-words
• possible non-words take longer to eliminate than impossible words
• there is a trade-off between accuracy and speed
• related words recognised faster than unrelated/nonsense words

Question 4

What are the results of semantic/conceptual priming?

Answer 4

a word seen/heard before or a related word is more quickly recognised when presented again

Question 5

What its syntactic/morphological priming?

Answer 5

structures are more quickly recognised when seen before

Question 6

What is cross-modal priming?

Answer 6

a word seen written before is recognised more quickly when heard and vice versa

Question 7

What is cross-linguistic priming?

Answer 7

bilinguals recognise word in L1 more quickly when seen or heard before in L2

Question 8

What is a gating experiment?

Answer 8

Gradually increasing durations of a word are played and the point at which the word is recognised is determined and the confidence in that choice

Question 9

What are some results of gating and reverse gating?

Answer 9

tells us we don’t need to hear the whole word to recognise it and that the beginning of a word is more important than the end

Question 10

What are neighbourhood effects?

Answer 10

words which a more similar to other words require more information for a decision to be made

Question 11

What is a shadowing task?

Answer 11

participants listen to speech and must repeat it as fast as possible

Question 12

What is the difference between a close shadower and a distant shadower?

Answer 12

close shadowers (25% of women) repeat speech correctly with an average delay of 250-300ms
distant shadowers (75% of women and all men) repeat speech correctly with an average delay of 500ms

Question 13

What can we learn from shadowing experiments?

Answer 13

subjects typically correct grammatical and pronunciation errors as they go, showing that we don’t just repeat sounds but process the language

Question 14

What are click detection tasks?

Answer 14

subjects are played a segment of speech with a click inserted which masks one or more speech sounds and subjects are asked where they heard the click

Question 15

What can we learn from click tasks?

Answer 15

clicks are typically reported closer to pause boundaries than they really were and that they heard sounds covered by the click - phonemic restoration

Question 16

What factors affect word recognition?

Answer 16

word frequency effects
supremacy effects
context effects
distortion effects

Question 17

What are word frequency effects?

Answer 17

more frequently used words are recognised more quickly

Question 18

What are supremacy effects?

Answer 18

actual words are recognised ore quickly than non-words are eliminated

Question 19

What are context effects?

Answer 19

words are recognised more quickly when they are in context

Question 20

What are distortion effects?

Answer 20

words can be recognised when they have distortions - however are most problematic when they occur at the beginning of a word

Question 21

What are some features of speech understanding?

Answer 21

bottom-up; individual sounds need to be heard to construct message meaning
Wernicke’s area

Question 22

What are some features of speech production?

Answer 22

top-down; message meaning is decided then structure is produced
Broca’s area

Question 23

What are some exchange level errors?

Answer 23

feature, sound segment, syllable, morphological and word level

Question 24

What is perseveration?

Answer 24

when a unit in an earlier word replaces one in the next

e.g. pulled a pantrum (instead of tantrum)

Question 25

What is anticipation?

Answer 25

when a unit in an upcoming word replaces one in the previous word e.g. par park (instead of car park)

Question 26

What is a linguistic shift?

Answer 26

where a morpheme unit is said on the wrong (but an appropriate) word in a sentence

Question 27

What is linguistic substitution?

Answer 27

when one unit in a word is replaced for a similar other

Question 28

What are the types of linguistic substitution?

Answer 28

phonological; p/b, mushroom/moustache
morphological; timeful/timely
semantic; left/right
phono&sem; adverse/averse

Question 29

What are linguistic additions and where can they occur?

Answer 29

units which are added to a word

• sound segment; clarefully
• syllable level; cinnaminon
• morpheme level; conversate

Question 30

What are linguistic deletions and where can they occur?

Answer 30

units which are removed from a word

• phonological; backgound
• syllable (haplology); unamity

Question 31

What are linguistic blends and where can they occur?

Answer 31

two forms of a concept are accessed at the same time

• semantic; stummy (stomach/tummy)
• phono&sem; roates (rates/routes)

Question 32

What are some features of word substitutions?

Answer 32

almost always from the same category (almost never function content)
almost always obey phonological rules

Question 33

What is the bathtub effect?

Answer 33

the beginnings and ends of words are more easily recalled