Speech Errors Flashcards
What are some types of psycholinguistic experiments?
lexical decision tasks semantic priming gating shadowing click detection
What is a lexical decision task?
Participants have to decide whether a played/displayed word is of their language
What are some general findings of lexical decision tasks?
- words are recognised as words faster than non-words are recognised as non-words
- possible non-words take longer to eliminate than impossible words
- there is a trade-off between accuracy and speed
- related words recognised faster than unrelated/nonsense words
What are the results of semantic/conceptual priming?
a word seen/heard before or a related word is more quickly recognised when presented again
What its syntactic/morphological priming?
structures are more quickly recognised when seen before
What is cross-modal priming?
a word seen written before is recognised more quickly when heard and vice versa
What is cross-linguistic priming?
bilinguals recognise word in L1 more quickly when seen or heard before in L2
What is a gating experiment?
Gradually increasing durations of a word are played and the point at which the word is recognised is determined and the confidence in that choice
What are some results of gating and reverse gating?
tells us we don’t need to hear the whole word to recognise it and that the beginning of a word is more important than the end
What are neighbourhood effects?
words which a more similar to other words require more information for a decision to be made
What is a shadowing task?
participants listen to speech and must repeat it as fast as possible
What is the difference between a close shadower and a distant shadower?
close shadowers (25% of women) repeat speech correctly with an average delay of 250-300ms distant shadowers (75% of women and all men) repeat speech correctly with an average delay of 500ms
What can we learn from shadowing experiments?
subjects typically correct grammatical and pronunciation errors as they go, showing that we don’t just repeat sounds but process the language
What are click detection tasks?
subjects are played a segment of speech with a click inserted which masks one or more speech sounds and subjects are asked where they heard the click
What can we learn from click tasks?
clicks are typically reported closer to pause boundaries than they really were and that they heard sounds covered by the click - phonemic restoration
What factors affect word recognition?
word frequency effects
supremacy effects
context effects
distortion effects
What are word frequency effects?
more frequently used words are recognised more quickly
What are supremacy effects?
actual words are recognised ore quickly than non-words are eliminated
What are context effects?
words are recognised more quickly when they are in context
What are distortion effects?
words can be recognised when they have distortions - however are most problematic when they occur at the beginning of a word
What are some features of speech understanding?
bottom-up; individual sounds need to be heard to construct message meaning
Wernicke’s area
What are some features of speech production?
top-down; message meaning is decided then structure is produced
Broca’s area
What are some exchange level errors?
feature, sound segment, syllable, morphological and word level
What is perseveration?
when a unit in an earlier word replaces one in the next
e.g. pulled a pantrum (instead of tantrum)
What is anticipation?
when a unit in an upcoming word replaces one in the previous word e.g. par park (instead of car park)
What is a linguistic shift?
where a morpheme unit is said on the wrong (but an appropriate) word in a sentence
What is linguistic substitution?
when one unit in a word is replaced for a similar other
What are the types of linguistic substitution?
phonological; p/b, mushroom/moustache
morphological; timeful/timely
semantic; left/right
phono&sem; adverse/averse
What are linguistic additions and where can they occur?
units which are added to a word
- sound segment; clarefully
- syllable level; cinnaminon
- morpheme level; conversate
What are linguistic deletions and where can they occur?
units which are removed from a word
- phonological; backgound
- syllable (haplology); unamity
What are linguistic blends and where can they occur?
two forms of a concept are accessed at the same time
- semantic; stummy (stomach/tummy)
- phono&sem; roates (rates/routes)
What are some features of word substitutions?
almost always from the same category (almost never function content)
almost always obey phonological rules
What is the bathtub effect?
the beginnings and ends of words are more easily recalled
