Finding the Words

Question 1

What are some disfluencies from concept to word?

Answer 1

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
hesitations
lexical substitution errors
wrong word form

Question 2

Describe the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon

Answer 2

knowledge that there is a word but can’t access the precise form, can often retrieve partial information (beginning and end are most accessible)

Question 3

What is macro planning?

Answer 3

deciding where the sentence/content is going

Question 4

What is micro planning?

Answer 4

finding specific words to put into a message

Question 5

What do we know about hesitations?

Answer 5

can be silent/filled
not all silences are disfluencies
not all disfluencies are silent
pauses are more likely to precede less predictable words

Question 6

How do hand gestures relate to hesitations?

Answer 6

can indicate we have found the meaning but not the precise word
can facilitate recall

Question 7

What are some features of lexical substitutions?

Answer 7

99% have the same word class (noun, verb etc.)
87% have the same number of syllables
98% have the same stress pattern
tend to share the same first phoneme

Question 8

What is a lemma?

Answer 8

the canonical form of a set of words e.g. run is the lemma for runs, running, ran etc.

Question 9

What is the 1-step approach for finding words for a concept?

Answer 9

semantic, syntactic, morphological and phonological information is all access simultaneously

Question 10

What is the 2-step approach for finding words for a concept?

Answer 10

lemma entry; semantic & syntactic information first

lexical pointer; morphological and phonological information second

Question 11

What evidence is there for the 2-step approach?

Answer 11

tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon; can access semantic but not phonological
phonologically and semantically similar subs
semantic priming does not lead to phonological priming of a relative

Question 12

Where is Broca’s area?

Answer 12

left hemisphere, frontal lobe, near motor cortex

Question 13

What can be caused by damage to Broca’s area?

Answer 13

impairment in grammar and speech

agrammatism and pronunciation problems

Question 14

What is anomia and what is its’ cause?

Answer 14

caused by damage to both hemispheres - particularly arcuate fasciculus
problems with naming words

Question 15

What is semantic variant primary progressive aphasia?

Answer 15

found in some forms of dementia, atrophy in both hemispheres of anterior temporal lobes
more RH atrophy = problems with words
more LH atrophy = problems with names & people

Question 16

What is transcortical sensory aphasia?

Answer 16

loss of connection from sound to hearing

similar to Wernicke’s aphasia but word repetition is still in tact sometimes to an uncontrollable point; echolalia

Question 17

What is some evidence for the process of concept-words from child language acquisition?

Answer 17

children learn words before grammar
associative word learning
extreme deprivation/animal studies indicate learning vocal different to learning grammar

Question 18

What do word exchanges tell us?

Answer 18

syntax is determined before words are chosen

Question 19

What evidence is there for interaction between stages?

Answer 19

planning-syntax; syntactic priming of forms already used
semantic-syntactic; lexical substitution errors accommodate syntactic properties
word-phonology; lexical bias in errors

Question 20

What is perseveration?

Answer 20

an earlier unit replaces a later one

Question 21

What is anticipation?

Answer 21

a later unit replaces an earlier one

Question 22

What do blend errors tell us?

Answer 22

bends are the simultaneous access of two word forms; tell us semantics are determined before word choice

Question 23

What is a spoonerism?

Answer 23

when the first letters of 2 words are switched e.g. par cark

Question 24

What is the illocutionary force?

Answer 24

what the speaker is trying to achieve with an utterance

Question 25

What is the perlocutionary force?

Answer 25

the effect the utterance has on the actions or beliefs of the listener

Question 26

What is locutionary force?

Answer 26

the literal meaning of the utterance