Finding the Words Flashcards
What are some disfluencies from concept to word?
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
hesitations
lexical substitution errors
wrong word form
Describe the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
knowledge that there is a word but can’t access the precise form, can often retrieve partial information (beginning and end are most accessible)
What is macro planning?
deciding where the sentence/content is going
What is micro planning?
finding specific words to put into a message
What do we know about hesitations?
can be silent/filled
not all silences are disfluencies
not all disfluencies are silent
pauses are more likely to precede less predictable words
How do hand gestures relate to hesitations?
can indicate we have found the meaning but not the precise word
can facilitate recall
What are some features of lexical substitutions?
99% have the same word class (noun, verb etc.)
87% have the same number of syllables
98% have the same stress pattern
tend to share the same first phoneme
What is a lemma?
the canonical form of a set of words e.g. run is the lemma for runs, running, ran etc.
What is the 1-step approach for finding words for a concept?
semantic, syntactic, morphological and phonological information is all access simultaneously
What is the 2-step approach for finding words for a concept?
lemma entry; semantic & syntactic information first
lexical pointer; morphological and phonological information second
What evidence is there for the 2-step approach?
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon; can access semantic but not phonological
phonologically and semantically similar subs
semantic priming does not lead to phonological priming of a relative
Where is Broca’s area?
left hemisphere, frontal lobe, near motor cortex
What can be caused by damage to Broca’s area?
impairment in grammar and speech
agrammatism and pronunciation problems
What is anomia and what is its’ cause?
caused by damage to both hemispheres - particularly arcuate fasciculus
problems with naming words
What is semantic variant primary progressive aphasia?
found in some forms of dementia, atrophy in both hemispheres of anterior temporal lobes
more RH atrophy = problems with words
more LH atrophy = problems with names & people
What is transcortical sensory aphasia?
loss of connection from sound to hearing
similar to Wernicke’s aphasia but word repetition is still in tact sometimes to an uncontrollable point; echolalia
What is some evidence for the process of concept-words from child language acquisition?
children learn words before grammar
associative word learning
extreme deprivation/animal studies indicate learning vocal different to learning grammar
What do word exchanges tell us?
syntax is determined before words are chosen
What evidence is there for interaction between stages?
planning-syntax; syntactic priming of forms already used
semantic-syntactic; lexical substitution errors accommodate syntactic properties
word-phonology; lexical bias in errors
What is perseveration?
an earlier unit replaces a later one
What is anticipation?
a later unit replaces an earlier one
What do blend errors tell us?
bends are the simultaneous access of two word forms; tell us semantics are determined before word choice
What is a spoonerism?
when the first letters of 2 words are switched e.g. par cark
What is the illocutionary force?
what the speaker is trying to achieve with an utterance
What is the perlocutionary force?
the effect the utterance has on the actions or beliefs of the listener
What is locutionary force?
the literal meaning of the utterance
