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4/ DEM > Speech and Language > Flashcards

Speech and Language Flashcards

1
Q

What is different about the human language?

Traditional claim is:

A
  • human language is creative - animal communication is not, or only to a tiny extent
  • humans can think at an abstract level
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2
Q

Language is the ……… ….. of human communication

  • -> communicating with ………
  • -> communicating with ……….
A

primary mode
others
ourselves

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3
Q

What is phonetics?

What is phonology?

A 
Phonetics = how speech sounds are produced, acoustic result of speech articulation 
Phonology = how sounds are used to make words, the functions of the sounds within a particular language
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4
Q

What is the difference between written and spoken language?

A

Written language
- discrete words separated by spaces
- usually complete, correct spelling
- opportunity to skip, skim or reread
- more explicit, can only have one shot, needs more prior thought
Spoken language
- continous sequence of sounds, usually without ‘spaces’
- often damaged, interrupted, parts mumbled
- can change your mind as you speak
- build rapport and establish relationship with people

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5
Q

Describe the following sounds and how the following sounds are produced:

  • vowels
  • consonants
  • syllables
A 
Vowels = vibrating vocal cords in larynx with clear vocal tract, produced using slower extrinsic muscles 
Consonants = some occlusion of the vocal tract, sound source can be from larynx, click or hiss 
Syllables = all languages  have CV syllables, basic unit of articulation, consonant clusters
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6
Q

What are the three main sounds. Give examples of each

A 
Plosives/stops
- bilabials (p, b, m)
- alveolars (t, d, n)
- velars (k, g, ng)
Fricatives 
- (voiced and voiceless th)
- (f) (v)
- (s) (sh)
Affricates
- (ch) (j)
- (sh) (seiZUre)
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7
Q

Describe the course of language development

A
  • discriminations of language components in infancy
  • production of first words
  • production of first sentences
  • increasing ability to use more sophisticated forms of language (e.g. humour, sarcasm, metaphors)
  • continues to develop into adulthood
  • critical period for language acquisition –> predicts language recovery after injury
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8
Q

What are the characteristics of typical speech development?

A
  • follows a typical and predictable pattern and timetable
  • by the age of 8, children can produce nearly all the consonants and vowels that make up the native language
  • there is variation among children in the time of acquisition
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9
Q

Name four speech disorders

A
  • articulation
  • apraxia of speech
  • voice disorders
  • fluency disorders
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10
Q

What is the speech chain?

A

linguistic –> physiological –> acoustic –> physiology –> linguistic
speaker –> sensory nerves/ear, motor nerves/vocal muscles, feedback link, sounds waves –> listener –> sensory nerves, ear

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11
Q

What is the wider context of speech sounds

A
  • language, accent
  • speaker differences
  • effect of external factors

Dialect, Sociolect, Idiolect

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12
Q

What are the five components of language?

A
  1. phonology = the use of sounds to make meaningful syllables and words
  2. morphology = the structure of words
  3. syntax = the rules for putting together a series of words to form sentences
  4. semantics = word and sentence meanings for what is spoken
  5. pragmatics = social use of language
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13
Q

What are the 3 components of prosody?

A
  • Pitch –> corresponds to the frequency of vibration of the vocal cords, (has phonetic significance in tonal languages)
  • Intensity –> how loud a particular word or syllable is
  • Timing –> stress timed vs syllable timed languages
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14
Q

What is meant by non-acoustic signals?

Give examples

A
  • many other sources of information form other senses: face, body, gesture, touch, can make you “hear” things differently
  • Lip reading = information about articulation can be derived from observing lips, major cue to the hearing impaired, significant effect for normal hearers
  • Paralinguistic information = facial mood and emotion, culturally-grounded gestures, modifying gestures, body language, stress and emphasis
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15
Q

What is meant by complexity demanding intelligence?

A
  • Speech is very complex –> requires fusion of many sources of knowledge
  • Humans have developed large brains and supreme intelligence in the animal kingdom to deal with it –> very large number of neurones, in parallel
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16
Q

What is meant by language lateralisation?

A

The left hemisphere is dominant for language in >90% of right-handed individuals and 70% of left-handed individuals
- Left handed individuals tend to recover language functions faster after injury than right-handed individuals

17
Q

Neurophysiology of Auditory Language:

What are the 4 associated brain areas/

A
  1. Primary auditory area –> perception of spoken language
  2. Wernicke’s area –> comprehension of spoken language
  3. Arcuate fasiculus –> association fibre bundle connecting Wernicke’s and Broca’s area
  4. Broca’s area –> production of speech, initiation of speech and via connections to supplementary motor areas
18
Q

What areas are involved in the neurophysiology of written language?

A
  1. visual cortex –> perception of words or images
  2. angular gyrus –> comprehension of written language, auditory version of word is stimulated in Wernicke’s area by angular guys which then sends info to Broca’s area
19
Q

What is sign language analogous to?

A

logographic characters

  • based on signs for ideas rather than individual words
  • backed up with alphabet signs
20
Q

What is aphasia?

What are the causes?

A
  • a disturbance of language formation and comprehension caused by localised brain dysfunction
  • most common causes are TBI, or stroke. Others include tumours, degenerative dementias, de-myelinating disorders and infections
21
Q

How can language function be tested?

A
  • fluency
  • paraphrases
  • comprehension
  • repetition
  • naming
  • reading
  • writing
  • prosody
22
Q

What are the different names for expressive and receptive aphasia?

A 
Expressive = non fluent / Broca's aphasia 
Receptive = fluent / Wernicke's aphasia
23
Q

What are the clinical features of the following in expressive aphasia?

  • speech
  • comprehension
  • repetition
  • naming
  • reading
  • writing
  • typical localisation of lesion
  • typical pathology
A

Expressive

  • a spontaneous, non fluent, dysarthria, dysprodic, telegraphic, effortful, phonemic paraphasia
  • comprehension relatively normal, deficit in complex grammatical structures
  • repetition impaired
  • naming impaired but improves with cues
  • reading aloud impaired
  • writing impaired, poorly formed letters
  • typical localisation of lesion = left posterior inferior frontal cortex and underlying white matter
  • typical pathology = stroke of upper division of left middle cerebral artery
24
Q

What are the clinical features of the following in receptive aphasia?

  • speech
  • comprehension
  • repetition
  • naming
  • reading
  • writing
  • typical localisation of lesion
  • typical pathology
A
  • Speech is fluent, normal prosody and articulation, frequent semantic and phonemic paraphasias
  • comprehension impaired
  • repetition impaired
  • naming impaired, paraphasic errors
  • reading aloud impaired
  • writing, well formed letters but meaningless content
  • typical localisation of lesion = superior posterior temporal region, including supramarginal and angular gyri commonly; subcortical lesion of temporal isthmus (interrupts input to Wernicke’s area)
  • typical pathology = stroke of lower divisions of left middle cerebral artery
25
Q

What is agraphia?

What are the broad classifications?

A

The loss of impaired of writing ability, caused by acquired brain disease

  • Aphasic - agraphia accompanies aphasia
  • Nonaphasic - weakness and disorders of movement, visuospatial funciotn and conversion symptoms
26
Q

What are the clinical features of micrographia and what disorders/lesions are they commonly associated with?

A
  • two forms –> constantly small writing or pregessivly smaller writing
  • Parkinsonism, corticospinal lesions, thalamo-mesencephalic infarcts
27
Q

What are the clinical features of hypergraphic and what disorders/lesions are they commonly associated with?

A
  • extensive and compulsive writing

- schizophrenia, mania, interictal partial epilepsy, bilateral frontal injury

28
Q

What is alexia?

What is it also known as?

A

Acquired inability to read

  • type of sensory aphasia
  • also known as word blindness, text blindness, visual aphasia
29
Q

Name some types of alexia

A 
surface dyslexia 
phonological dyslexia 
deep dyslexia 
global 
pure
hemianopic
neglect
attentional

4/ DEM (19 decks)

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