International Perspectives on Health and Decision Making

Question 1

What is the geneva convention?

Answer 1

• British Law that dictate that medical urgency is the only guiding factor

Question 2

What are the ethical theories behind military medicine

Answer 2

• deontology
• utilitarianism
• principlist ethics
• 4 quadrant approach

Question 3

What is meant by deontology?

Answer 3

• science of duty
• binding duty to patients
• ## treat each as an end

Question 4

What is meant by utilitarianism?

Answer 4

• consequentialist, do what has the best results for the largest number of people
• subjective and difficult to quality what is pain and pleasure

Question 5

What is meant by Principlist ethics?

Answer 5

• deontology is too rights
• 4 principle approach
• autonomy, non-maleficiantce, beneficence, justice
• made up of the common principles of deontology and utilitarianism

Question 6

What is the four quadrants approach?

Answer 6

• adopted in clinical guidelines for operations
• logical progression
• however often promotes rapid decisions
• case by case basis at bedside taking into account deontology, utilitarianism, and principle ethics
• decision made by senior clinicians
• -> Medical Indications
• -> Patient Preferences
• -> Quality of Life
• -> Contextual Features

Question 7

What underpins each of the following in 4 quadrants approach?
- Medical Indications

Answer 7

Medical Indications

• benefience and nonmaleficience
• clinical encounters include a review of diagnosis and treatment options

Question 8

What underpins each of the following in 4 quadrants approach?
- Patient Preferences

Answer 8

Patient Preferences

• respect for autonomy
• clinical encounters occur because a patent presents before the physicians with a complaint. The patients avulse are integral to the encounter

Question 9

What underpins each of the following in 4 quadrants approach?
- Quality of Life

Answer 9

Quality of Life

• beneficence and non maleficence
• the objection of all clinical encounters is to improve, or at least address, QoL

Question 10

What underpins each of the following in 4 quadrants approach?
- Contextual Features

Answer 10

Contextual Features

• loyalty and fairness
• clinical encounters occur in a wider context beyond phsicana nd patient, to include family, the law, hospital policy, insurance companies

Question 11

What are the features of military medical ethics?

Answer 11

• military vs civilian values
• military vs NHS code of practice
• military necessity - must obey orders, this will override medical emergency
• salvage medicine
• scarce resource distribution

Question 12

What is dual loyalty conflict?

Answer 12

• medical vs state interest
• clash of oaths
• peacetime vs conflict driven
• Legal vs Professional duty

Question 13

What is triage?

clinical vs military?

Answer 13

• civilian approach - those with the greater clinical need get priority
• military - battlefield triage - utilitarian direction
• triage reversal in extreme resource limitation, treat most treatable and return to battlefield

Question 14

What is two-tiered care?

Answer 14

• basic healthcare provided
• ## those that can afford more get more

Question 15

What is the difference between neutrality and impartiality?

Answer 15

Neutrality
- next nuetral in uniform 
- under orders of politicians
but can be Impartial 
-