Speech A&P Unit 4: Artic/Resonance Flashcards
Define articulation
bringing mobile and immobile articulators into contact to shape the sounds of speech
3 major components of the vocal tract
oral cavity, pharynx, nasal cavity
Define the Source Filter Theory of Vowel Production
Speech is the product of sending an acoustic source, such as the sound produced by the vibrating vocal folds, through the filter of the vocal tract, which shapes the output
List the mobile articulators
tongue, mandible, velum, lips, cheeks, pharynx, larynx*, fauces (aka faucial pillars)
List the immobile articulators
alveolar ridge of the maxilla (upper gum ridge), hard palate, teeth
List the bones of the face
mandible (lower jaw), maxilla (upper jaw), nasal bone, palatine process, nasal conchae, vomer, zygomatic process, hyoid
Characteristics of Pierre-Robin Sequence
Symptoms: cleft palate, airway obstruction, retracted/underdeveloped lower jaw
Complications: feeding problems (swallowing), ear infections, hearing loss, brain damage (due to low blood oxygen)
The primary function of contraction of the superior longitudinal muscles is to cause the tongue tip to ________________________.
elevate
The primary function of contraction of the inferior longitudinal muscles is to cause the tongue tip to _______________________ .
depress/move down
Unilateral contraction of the superior and inferior longitudinal muscles will cause the tongue tip to ________________________ .
deviate/move to the sides
To narrow the tongue one contracts the _____________________ intrinsic muscle.
transverse
The _________________________ is the portion of the tooth hidden beneath the gum line.
root
The ________________________ is the visible 1/3 of the tooth.
crown
The ________________________ surface of a tooth is that which could come in contact with the cheek wall.
buccal
The _________________________ surface is the contact region between teeth of the upper and lower arches.
occlusal
Name 3 teeth not found in the deciduous arch (baby teeth)?
3rd molar (wisdom tooth) 1st and 2nd bicuspids
_________________________ is the overlap of the maxillary incisors over the mandibular incisors so that little of the mandibular incisors is visible.
overbite
The prominent ridges running laterally on the hard palate are called _________________________.
rugae
The _________________________ tonsils are found between the anterior and posterior faucial pillars.
palatine
The orifice of the Eustachian tube is found within the _________________________.
nasopharynx (nasal cavity)
The _________________________ is the dominant muscle of the cheeks.
buccinator
The _________________________ muscle is an intrinsic muscle of the tongue which will draw the body of the tongue toward the floor of the mouth.
verticalis
Function of superior longitudinal muscles of the tongue
elevate tongue tip
Function of inferior longitudinal muscles of the tongue
depress tongue tip
Function of genioglossus and vertical intrinsic muscles of the tongue
produce a deep central groove
In a Class ____ malocclusion between the upper and lower dental arches, the first molar of the mandibular arch is retracted at least one tooth from the first maxillary molars.
Class II
____ is the vertical projection of the maxillary incisors over the mandibular incisors.
overjet
In a Class ____ malocclusion between the upper and lower dental arches, the first mandibular molar is advanced farther than one tooth beyond the first maxillary molar.
Class III
____ refers to a tooth rotated or twisted on its long axis.
torsiversion
____ refers to a condition wherein supraversion of the posterior teeth prohibits the anterior teeth from making contact.
labioversion
The ____ muscle arises from the greater cornu of hyoid and inserts into the sides of the tongue.
hyoglossus
The ____ muscle arises from the styloid process of the mastoid bone, and inserts into the lateral edges of the tongue upon contraction.
styloglossus
The _______ muscle originates in the temporal fossa of the temporal and parietal bones, converges downward and forward, to insert into the coronoid process and ramus.
temporalis
The _____ muscle originates at the medial pterygoid plate, courses down and back, and inserts into the mandibular ramus.
medial pterygoid
The ____ muscle originates in the mylohyoid line of the inner mandible, courses back and down, and inserts in the median fibrous raphe and inferiorly to the hyoid.
mylohyoid
Function of the inferior longitudinal muscles of the tongue
depress tongue tip
Function of the cricopharyngeus muscle
relaxes the upper esophageal sphincter
Function of the musculus uvulae muscle
shortens the soft palate
Function of the middle constrictor muscle
narrows the oropharynx
Function of the salpingopharyngeus
elevates the pharynx
The anterior faucial arch is formed by which muscle?
palatoglossal muscle
The posterior faucial arch is formed by which muscle?
palatopharyngeus muscle
This muscle makes up the bulk of the tongue, and is the primary mover.
genioglossus muscle
Anatomical deviation that causes a heart-shaped tongue tip during protrusion
short lingual frenum
The ____ muscle arises from the styloid process of the mastoid bone, and will elevate and retract the posterior tongue upon contraction.
styloglossus
Which muscle/s serve to depress the soft palate?
palatoglossus and palatopharyngeus
Which muscle/s dilates the Eustachian Tube?
tensor veli palatini
Which muscle/s elevate the posterior tongue?
palatoglossuse and styloglossus
Which intrinsic lingual muscle will draw the body of the tongue toward the floor of the mouth?
vertical/verticalis
Which muscle/s are involved in the mastication (chewing) process?
digastricus, masseter, medial pterygoid, and temporalis
Which muscle/s are required to produce the /p/ phoneme?
buccinators, levator veli palatine, tensor veli palatini, orbicularis oris
What features of human Anatomy & Physiology determine resonance of speech?
Size and shape of cavities of the vocal tract, function of the velopharyngeal valve, and muscular tension.
Why is the uvula not important after infancy?
The velum has a “knee” type action during velopharyngeal closure. The actual contact with the pharyngeal wall/s takes place superior to the uvula.
What muscles contribute to velopharyngeal closure?
Levator veli palatini, superior constrictor, palatopharyngeus, palatoglossus, and musculus uvulae
Describe cul-de-sac resonance. Why is it often described as “mumbling?”
Sound resonates in the pharynx, but can’t get through to the oral cavity. This can be caused by posterior tongue carriage, limited oral opening, nasal or oral obstruction, or jaw restriction. The same problem that inhibits resonance can also reduce the space available for articulation.
List three critical elements related to the pressures of dysphagia.
Intra oral and pharyngeal pressure is developed by labial seal, velopharyngeal closure, and relaxation of the upper esophageal sphincter.
Describe the main elements of the oral preparatory stage of mastication and deglutition.
Answer: During the oral preparatory stage of swallowing, the most important element is mastication. This is the processes involved in food preparation. First the lips must be sealed to keep food inside the oral cavity. Then the unchewed food is moved onto the grinding surface of the teeth, it is chewed, and mixed with salivia to better assist the bolus to move to the next step of the process. The tongue also assists in this process by keeping the food inside the oral cavity by effecting a seal along the alveolar rugae. The facial muscles of the buccal wall (buccinator and risorius) contract to keep the food from entering between the cheek wall and gums. The next step involves deglutition, which is also know as swallowing. This requires integration of the lingual, velar, pharyngeal, and facial muscle movement with the laryngeal adjustments and respiratory control. All of this will form the bolus into a “ball,” and be moved into the back of the oral cavity when the anterior tongue elevates the hard palate and squeezes the bolus back toward the faucial pillars. This then leads into the pharyngeal and esophageal stages of the swallow.
