Speech A&P Unit 3: Phonation Flashcards
This muscle originates in the inner surface of the mandible, courses in a fanlike direction, and inserts in the hyoid bone. It serves to elevate the hyoid and depress the mandible.
mylohyoid
This muscle originates in the styloid process of the temporal bone, and courses medially downward to insert in the hyoid bone. It serves to elevate and retract the hyoid bone.
stylohyoid
This muscle originates in the sternum and clavicle, courses superiorly, and inserts in the inferior margin of the hyoid bone. It serves to depress the hyoid bone.
sternohyoid
This muscle originates in the thyroid cartilage, and courses upward to insert in the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. It serves to depress the hyoid or elevate the thyroid.
thyrohyoid
This muscle originates in the superior-lateral surface of the cricoid, courses up and back to insert in the muscular process of the arytenoid, and serves to adduct the vocal folds.
lateral cricoarytenoid
This muscle originates in the lateral margin of the posterior arytenoid, and courses laterally to insert in the lateral margin of the posterior surface of the opposite arytenoid. It serves to adduct the vocal folds by moving the arytenoids medially.
transverse arytenoid
This muscle originates in the base of the muscular processes, courses obliquely up, and inserts in the apex of the opposite arytenoid. It serves to pull the apex medially.
oblique arytenoid
This muscle originates in the posterior cricoid lamina, courses up and out, and inserts in the posterior aspect of the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. It serves to abduct the folds.
posterior cricoarytenoid
Process of drawing the vocal folds together
adduction
The _____ is the cavity of the larynx immediately superior to the ventricular folds.
vestibule
The _______ cartilage is a complete ring resting atop the trachea.
cricoid
According to the Bernoulli principle, air pressure at a constriction within flowing air will _________ (increase/decrease).
decrease
When the _____ & ______ muscles are contracted the arytenoid cartilages are pulled medially.
transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid
The thyrovocalis muscle attaches to the ________ process of the arytenoid cartilage.
vocal
Implications of laryngectomy include:
Loss of voicing source for speech
Difficulty Coughing
Inability to hold breathe/fixate thorax
Diminished humidity /filtering pollutants of air inhaled.
The vocal register used during everyday conversation is called
modal register
In this type of phonation the vocal folds become thin and tend to vibrate along the tensed margin, which is often shortened by damping the anterior segment.
falsetto
The following muscle abducts the vocal folds (sole VF abductor)
posterior cricoarytenoid
T/F: As the mass per unit length of the vocal folds decreases, the natural fundamental frequency of vibration will increase.
true
T/F:Falsetto utilizes the same vibratory pattern as model phonation, with the exception that the vocal folds are vibrating at a much higher frequency.
False;in falsetto, the vocal folds become thin and tend to vibrate along the tensed, bowed, margin. The folds make contact only briefly, amplitude of excursion is reduced.
What structural differences account for the difference in fundamental frequency of men versus women?
During puberty males undergo a significant growth of muscle and cartilage, resulting in greater muscle mass and more prominent Adams apple which lengthens the interior dimension of the thyroid cartilage.
Why are clients on voice rest told not to whisper?
In audible whisper speech, speech is produced without vocal fold vibration by causing air to pass along the edges of the tensed vocal folds, thus producing a friction sound source.
Largest of the laryngeal cartilages
thyroid
Entryway into the larynx from the pharynx
aditus
Cavity of the larynx immediately superior to the ventricular folds
vestibule
Cavity between the false and true folds
ventricle
Space between the vocal folds.
glottis
The process of drawing the vocal folds apart is termed
abduction
The _________ cartilages articulate with the superior surface of the cricoid cartilage.
arytenoid
To increase vocal intensity the _____ (opening/closing/closed) phase of vibration must increase in duration.
closed
According to the bernoulli principle, airflow at a constriction will _________ (increase/decrease) in velocity.
increase
The _____ are variably sized spaces between the fold of the aryepiglittic membrane and the thyroid cartilage laterally.
pyriform sinuses
When the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle contracts the muscular process is pulled in which direction?
anteriorly
T/F:Glottal fry utilizes the same vibratory patter as modal phonation, with the exception that the vocal folds are vibration at a much lower frequency.
False. In glottal fry the vocal folds take on a secondary, syncopated mode of vibration, such that there is a secondary beat for each cycle of the fundamental frequency.
Why does fundamental frequency tend to increase when vocal intensity is increased?
Increases in intensity and fundamental frequency depend upon the same basic mechanism, so increase in the former is often accompanied by an increase in the latter
Describe the three types of vocal attack, and relate specific phonetic contexts in which these types of attack occur during daily speech.
- Simultaneous vocal attack: phonation initiated through simultaneous vocal folds adduction and expiration.
- Breathy vocal Attack: phonation by initiating expiration before adduction of the vocal folds.
- Glottal Attack (phonatory): occurs with the adduction of the vocal folds.
The _________ are small indentions in the membranous fold between the epiglottis and the tongue.
valleculae
To increase vocal intensity we _____ (increase/decrease) subglottal pressure.
increase
What are the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Cricothyoid
lateral cricoaryenoid
posterior cricoarytenoid
thyrovocalis
Which type of phonation is the result of inadequate approximation of the vocal folds during vibration?
breathy voice
The point of union between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages is called
cricothyroid joint
The primary frequency of vibration of the vocal folds is called
fundamental frequency
When the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle contracts the muscular process is pulled in which direction?
anteriorly
This muscle courses from the sternum to the thyroid cartilage
sternothyroid
T/F: In breathy phonation, the vocal folds fail to completely approximate during sustained phonation, allowing excessive escape of air through the glottis.
true
The larynx is comprised of the
Thyroid
cricoid
arytenoid
epiglottis
The degree of force that may be applied by the vocal folds at their point of contact
medial compression
Primary muscle associated with change in vocal fundamental frequency
cricothyroid
The most common frequency used by an individual is
habitual pitch
Frequency of vocal fold vibration that is most appropriate for an individual
optimal pitch
_________ is another term for voicing
phonation
The _______ is the cartilaginous structure housing the vocal folds.
larynx
The true vocal folds are _______ (superior/inferior) to the false vocal folds.
inferior
What are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles?
Anterior digastric
cricopharyngeus
geniohyoid
omohyoid
Describe the interaction of the epiglottis and valleculae in terms of swallowing function.
The valleculae are variably sized spaces between the base of the tongue and the epiglottis, and serve as an overflow trap for any material that moves past the back of the tongue prior to inhalation of the swallow reflex.
