Spectroscopy/Spectrometry Flashcards

1
Q

What is spectroscopy?

A

interaction of rays or waves with molescules

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2
Q

What types of spectroscopy are there?

A
  • X-Ray diffraction
  • UV/Vis Spectroscopy
  • IR Spectroscopy
  • NMR spectroscopy
  • Mass spectroscopy
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3
Q

What is a spectrum?

A

out come of the measurement

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4
Q

How does X-ray diffraction work?

A
  • crystal structures can be determined by allowing a sample of crystalline compound to difract X-rays
  • resulting diffraction pattern allows determination of spatial arrangement of atoms in molecule
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5
Q

What are limiations of X-ray diffraction?

A

need for crystals (no liquids, oils, etc)

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6
Q

How can structures be determined via UV-Vis spectroscopy?

A
  • graph of light absorbance vs. wavelength in the range of ultraviolet and visible light
  • when white light passes through a coloured substance, a portion of wavelength is absorbed (expressing the complimentary colour)
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7
Q

How can absorbance be calculated?

A

Absorbance = log (I0 /I)

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8
Q

What is Lambert - Beer Law

A
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9
Q

What are chromophores?

A

light absorbing structural units

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10
Q

What does conjugation lead to in absorbance of structures?

A

conjugation leads to smaller energy gaps between HOMO and LUMO

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11
Q

What is bathochromic?

A

a shift of absorption to a longer wavelength

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12
Q

What is hypsochromic

A

a shift in absorbtion to a shorter wavelength

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13
Q

How do IR spectrums work?

A
  • allows direct observation of functional groups through detection of stretching and bending of bonds (rather than atoms themselves)
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14
Q

usually, when a molecule vibratesm all bonds stretch and relax in combination. Under what conditions do bonds stretch independently?

A

bonds are:

  • much stronger or weaker than other nearby
  • between atoms that are much heavier or lighter than neighbours
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15
Q

Do stronger bonds vibrate faster or slower?

A

faster

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16
Q

Do lighter atoms vibrate more or less?

A

vibrate more

17
Q

Does more virbation mean absorption of short or long wavelength (high or low frequency)?

A

more vibration means, absorption of short wavelenghts and higher frequency

18
Q

What bonds can be found in IR spectrum from 4,000 to 2500 cm-1

A

bond to hydrogen

  • O - H
  • N - H
  • C - H
19
Q

what bonds can be found in the between the 2500 to 2000 IR spectrum

A

Triple bonds

20
Q

What bonds can be found from 2000 to 1500 cm-1?

A

Double bonds

  • C=O
  • C=N
  • C=C
21
Q

What bonds can be from 1500 and less cm-1?

A

single bonds

22
Q

What is mass spectrometry?

A

determination of molecular weight and elemental composition of molecule

23
Q

How does mass spectrometry work?

A
  1. ionization of the sample (giving mono, di, … charged molecule ions or fragments)
  2. separation of ions according to their mass / charged molecule ions or fragments
  3. detection
24
Q

How is the mass spectrum plotted?

A

intensity of each ion versus its m/z ratio

25
Q

How is NMR measured?

A
  • Normally in solution
  • use of deutured solvents (otherwise big solvent peak)
  • using continuous wave instrument (FT NMR instruments)
26
Q

What spins can nuclei have?

A
  • integral spins (e.g. I = 1, 2, 3, …)
  • fractional spins (eg. I = 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, …)
  • no spin, I = 0 ( eg. C12, O16, S32, …)
    *
27
Q

What happens to isotopes that do not spin ( I = 0)?

A

do not interact with magnetic field (not detectable by NMR)

28
Q
A