spectrometry instrumentation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key components of a spectrophotometer?

A

Light source, dispersion device, sample area, and detectors.

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2
Q

What are the common light sources used in spectrophotometers and their purpose?

A

Tungsten lamps (350-2000 nm) for colorimetry and deuterium lamps (200-370 nm) for UV spectroscopy.

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3
Q

What is the function of a monochromator in a spectrophotometer?

A

It isolates a single wavelength of light from a broad spectrum for precise measurements.

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4
Q

What are the two types of monochromators commonly used?

A

Prisms and diffraction gratings.

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5
Q

How does a diffraction grating work in a spectrophotometer?

A

It splits the incoming polychromatic radiation into its component wavelengths by dispersing it at an angle.

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6
Q

How does a photomultiplier tube (PMT) work as a detector?

A

It amplifies a small number of photons into a measurable current by using an array of dynodes with increasing positive voltage.

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7
Q

What is a photodiode array detector, and what is its advantage?

A

It consists of an array of photodiodes on a silicon crystal, measuring the whole spectrum simultaneously, ideal for rapid UV/Vis measurements.

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8
Q

What is the main difference between single beam and double beam spectrophotometers?

A

Single beam measures the intensity of light before and after passing through the sample separately, while double beam compares the light intensity simultaneously between a reference and sample path.

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9
Q

What qualities are ideal in a light source for spectrophotometry?

A

A constant intensity, low noise, and long-term stability.

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10
Q

What are some uses of UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy in drug analysis?

A

Quantifying drugs in formulations, determining pKa, measuring partition coefficients and solubilities, monitoring drug release in dissolution testing, and checking drug identity.

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11
Q

What three processes decrease the intensity of polychromatic light passing through a sample?

A

Reflection at phase boundaries, scattering by non-homogeneous samples, and absorbance by atoms or molecules in the solution.

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12
Q

Why is the wavelength of maximum absorption (λmax) used in spectrophotometry?

A

It provides the greatest sensitivity and reduces interference from small variations in wavelength.

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