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Infection And Immunity > Specific Immunity > Flashcards

Specific Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

How many barriers does Innate Immunity have?

A

2: SKIN and MUCOUS MEMBRANES

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2
Q

What responds when there is INFLAMMATION in TISSUES?

A

HISTAMINE

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3
Q

NAME THE ANTI MICROBIAL PROTEIN that responds to inflammation in tissues.

A

COMPLEMENT

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4
Q

Name the 4 different types of CELLS involved in response to INFLAMMATION

A

NEUTROPHILS
EOSINOPHILS
MACROPHAGES
NATURAL KILLER CELLS

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5
Q

Describe NON SPECIFIC DEFENCES?

A
  1. Dendritic cells have antigens
  2. 2 types of lymphocytes: B cells and T cells
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6
Q

Describe B cells

A
  1. B cells found in antibodies and bind to antigens.
  2. The process of phagocytosis happens via neutrophils and macrophages.
  3. B cells differentiate into plasma cells
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7
Q

Describe T cells

A
  1. Are regulatory cells
  2. Sustain immune response
  3. Helper cells and cytotoxic cells
  4. HELPER cells differentiate into CYTOKINES (help leukocytes eliminate the antigens)
  5. Cytotoxic cells kill cells that express the antigen
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8
Q

What is HUMORAL IMMUNITY?

A

It is a liquid found in the lymphoid tissue

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9
Q
  1. Name the secondary lymph areas
  2. Name the primary lymph areas
A

1.Spleen, tonsils, mucous activated lymph tissue
2.Bone Marrow, thymus

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10
Q

What are the types of ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY:
Immunity- humoral and cellular

A
  1. IMMUNITY
    humoral- Against parasites and worms, extracellular bacteria, fungi, bacterial toxins

Cellular immunity- against intracellular bacteria, viruses and viral proteins

  1. Responding lymphocytes
    CD4 helper T cells- have soluble factors such as B cells which have receptors that bind to the antigen and fight extracellular pathogens and products.

CD8 Cytotoxic cell where the receptors bind to antigen and fight against Lyse cells which are infected with intracellular pathogens.

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11
Q

What does the immune response mainly rely on?

Where do B cells continuously develop?

A
  1. Relies on immunocompetent B cells and T cells
  2. B cells continuously develop in the BONE MARROW
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12
Q

How do T cells develop?
Hint: pre T cells, migration to thymus rom bone marrow

A

T cells are made from pre T cells which Migrate into the thymus from the bone marrow.

Most of T cells happen before puberty and MATURATION continues as we grow older.

Maturity causes T and B cells to develop different membrane bound proteins that have antigens receptors.

T cell examples include CD4 and CD 8 proteins. These proteins are added into the membrane of T cells which give rise to CD4 and CD8 T cells.

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13
Q

What is CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY

A

It involves CD 8 cells that proliferate into cytotoxic T cells.
Linked to targeting intracellular pathogens like fungi parasites, viruses, cancer cells and foreign tissues.

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14
Q

What is ANTIBODY MEDIATED IMMUNITY

A

B cells turn into plasma cells.
Plasma cells synthesise and secrete immunoglobulins or antibodies.
They bind and activate specific antigens.
AMI is linked to targeting antigens in the body fluids and pathogens which copy body fluids.

CD 4+ T cell derived helper cells aid both immune responses.

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15
Q

What are ANTIGENS?

A

ACTIVATE ADAPTIVE response such as making antibodies.
Can be part of single foreign protein or a molecule which is part of a large complex structure like a bacterium.
Antigens don’t have to be foreign and only needs to bind.

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16
Q

What is immunogenecity

A

The ability to produce a response that is mediated by the production of T cells specific or specific antibodies

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17
Q

What is reactivity

A

Ability to react with antibodies or specific T cells

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18
Q

How is this linked to antigens

A

A antigen is something that has either just reactivity or reactivity and immunogenicity.

complete antigens have both immunogenicity and reactivity

Smaller particles have reactivity but no immunogenicity. They only stimulate immune response if they bind with larger particles like ANTIBIOTICS

19
Q

WHAT is an Epitope

A

Epitope is an immune response initiated by an antigen. This happens when T cells respond ONLY to protein antigens.
But B cells respond to proteins, lipids, cabs and nucleic acids.

20
Q

How do some antigens come into contact with the immune system?

A
  1. Get carried via blood to spleen
  2. Lymph to lymph nodes and get trapped by reticular fibres of reticular cells
  3. By mucosal membrane where antigens are trapped by mucous linked lymphatic tissue (MALT)
21
Q

What is the Major Histocompatibility Complex?

A

Molecules which are the product of 12 alleles are expressed on the surface of cells needed in an immune response.

22
Q

What is its function?

A
  1. Guides the recognition of antigen by T cells
  2. Binds epitopes of the antigen to T cells
  3. They are highly polymorphic
  4. Antigens can Recognise itself
23
Q

What can self cells also express?

A
  1. They can express self antigens in the PLASMA MEMBRANE.
  2. Every cell except RBC can express HLA (Human Leukocyte Antigens)
  3. They work by help T cells Recognise foreign antigens
24
Q

What are Class 1 MHCs and Class 2 MHCs

A
  1. C1 Built into the plasma membrane of body cells
  2. C2 are found on the membranes of antigen presenting cells like thymic cells and active T cells.
25
Q

How is antigen processing achieved?

A
  1. T and B cells Recognise the antigen
  2. B cells Recognise antigens in body fluids
    T cells Recognise antigens presented to them combined with MHC- which is done by antigen process and presentation
26
Q

What happens to MHC PROTEINS?
Where do they arise from?

A

1.They arise from fragments from self proteins which associate with a peptide binding groove of a new synthesised MHC molecule.

  1. MHC molecule is then stabilised which allows it to be incorporated into the cell membrane as a working self antigen
27
Q

What happens if the protein fragment comes from a non self source?

A

The synthesised MHC protein expresses a non self surface antigen

28
Q

What are the two types of foreign antigen processings called?

A

Exogenous and endogenous

29
Q

What is exogenous processing

A
  1. Exogenous antigens are found in body fluids
  2. APC (Antigen Presenting Cells) such as macrophages, B cells, dendritic cells.
  3. They ingest the antigen which is then ingested into peptide fragments and transferred to small vesicles.
  4. APC synthesise MHC 2 molecules that are packaged into vesicles so that MHC 2 can line the inner membrane.
  5. Both types of vesicles fuse and the antigen fragments combine with MHC 2 molecules.
  6. The vesicles go through exocytosis and the MHC 2 complex is presented as external part of cell membrane

After processing its taken to lymphatic tissue where its shown to the T cell

30
Q

Endogenous processing

A
  1. Antigens produced inside a cell and fragments of them become linked with MHC 1 molecules.
  2. The MHC 1 antigen complex moves to the cell membrane and is shown as a surface antigen.
31
Q

what happens during T cells antigen recognition?

A
  1. T cells only Recognise antigens when they’re inside another cell and not outside the cell body
  2. They recognise epitopes of antigens shown to them by MHC on the surface of other cells in the body.
  3. Makes sure the T cell response is directed to the infected cells.
32
Q

How does this happen?

A
  1. Epitopes are recognised by T cell receptors often buried
  2. Antigen must be broken into peptide fragments
  3. Epitope peptide bonds bind to a self molecule MHC
  4. T CELL receptor binds to a complex of MHC and epitope peptide
33
Q

How is T cell activated?

A
  1. T cell binds to an antigen
  2. Co stimulation needs 2 different signals to activate
  3. Cytokines, interleukin-2, pairs of plasma cells membrane molecules occur: one on the T cell and one on the membrane of the APC.
  4. ALLOWS TWO CELLS TO TEMPORARILY ATTACH TO ONE ANOTHER.
  5. Different co stimulants activate T cells in many ways. Without co stimulation it results in anergy.
34
Q

Name the three types of T CELLS?

A
  1. Helper cells
  2. Cytotoxic T cells
  3. Memory cells
35
Q

How are HELPER cells formed?

A

T cells which express CD4 membrane protein develop into helper cells.
T cell recognises antigen MHC 2 ON APC.
SECRETES cytokines.
IL 2 is a T helper cell that secretes cytokines

36
Q

How does IL2 WORK?

A

Triggers T cell proliferation
costimulator for quiescent Th cells and cytotoxic cells.
Enhances B cells proliferation and NK cells

37
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Small hormones which start or stop cellular differentiation, proliferation and growth.

38
Q

What do cytokines secrete?

A

Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Fibroblasts

39
Q

Which cytokines are linked to immunity?

A

Interleukins 1-5

Transform Growth Factor B
Tumour Necrosis Factor
Alpha, beta interferons
Lymphotoxin
Perforins
Macrophage migration inhibit factor

40
Q

How do Cytotoxic cells work?

A
  1. They are derived from CD8+ CELLS which recognise antigen (MHC-1) complexes on virus infected cells on cancerous cell surface and on transplanted tissues.
  2. Can only become cytolytic if the antigen recognition is linked with costimulation with cytokines such as IL-2
  3. The cytokines are released due to T helper cell being released.
  4. T cells can only be activated if the T helper cells face the same antigen binded to MHC-2.
  5. After cytotoxic cells are activated they proliferate quickly and destroy the target cells by SECRETING porforin or SECRETING lymphotoxin
41
Q

Which type of interferons are secreted by CYTOTOXIC CELLS which activate phagocytes at the site of infection?

A

GAMMA INTERFERONS

42
Q

What are memory T cells?

A

Cells which remain after an infection
Give rise to memory T cells.
Maintained and allow fast response to re invasion by the start antigenic materials

43
Q

What is T CELL MATURATION?

A
  1. Progenitor cells from sites of HAEMATOPOIESIS migrate to thymus~11 days of gestation in mice, 8-9th week in humans
  2. Involves rearrangement of germ line TCR genes and expression of different membrane markers
  3. Thymocytes are T cells which develop in the thymus
  4. They proliferate and differentiate into sub population of mature T CELLS.

Infection And Immunity (8 decks)

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