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Infection And Immunity > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

How many parts does the circulatory system have ?
What are they called?

A

2 parts
cardiovascular + lymphatic

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2
Q

What do the 3 components of the lymphatic system do?
Extensive network of capillaries and collecting vessels
Lymph nodes
Lymphoid organs

A
  1. Extensive network of capillaries and collecting vessels to receive:
    - fluid from CT
    - transport to CV system
  2. Lymph nodes: to filter fluid in collecting vessels
  3. Lymphoid organs: lymphatic nodules, tonsils, spleen and thymus
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3
Q

What is formed when more fluid leaves capillaries with plasma protein than enters and where does it build up?

A

1.Interstitial fluid
2. Intercellular spaces

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4
Q

What is oedema?
Where cant plasma proteins re enter and where can it enter?

A

1.Buildup of plasma proteins
2. Can’t enter capillaries
3. Can enter lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

1.How does lymph travel?
2. What must be there to prevent back flow?

A
  1. One way system flow to the heart begins at tiny blind ended Lymph capillaries.
  2. Valves
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6
Q

Name the types of lymphatic vessels.
C
C
T
D

A

Capillary
Collecting vessel
Trunk
Duct

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7
Q

Which two types of pressures are used to force fluid with plasma proteins into interstitial space? O & H

A

Osmotic pressure
Hydrostatic pressure

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8
Q

1.At which end is the fluid reabsorbed?
2.how many Litres remains and returns to blood?

A
  1. Venous end
  2. 3
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9
Q

Lymph capillaries only occur along blood capillaries, Along which structures do lymph capillaries do not occur?
B
BM
T
CNS

A

Bone
Bone marrow
Teeth
Central nervous system

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10
Q

What are Capillaries similar to and how are they different?

A

Similar to blood vessels
Very permeable

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11
Q

Name the unique structural modifications of endothelial cells in capillaries.

A
  1. Endothelial cells
    - loosely overlap
    -Open easily
    -Create mini valves
  2. Endothelial cells are Anchored:
    - to surrounding structures by fine filaments
    - separated with interstitial fluid vol
    - expose gaps in capillary wall but close if pressure is high inside to stop leakage
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12
Q

What do lymph capillaries take up?
Why do they travel around the body?

A

1.
Debris
Pathogens
Cells

2.Detour lymph nodes filter fluid

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13
Q

What are lacteals?
Where are they found?
Colour? Why?

A
  1. Highly specialised lymph capillaries
  2. In villi of intestinal capillaries
    -Milky white than clear
    - contains digested intestinal fats (chyle)
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14
Q

1.Similarities of collecting vessels to veins?
2. Differences?

A
  1. Three tunics
    2.- thin walled
    - more internal valves
    - more anastomosing
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15
Q

Where do larger lymphatic vessels receive blood supply from?

A

Vasa vasorum

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16
Q

1.What do collecting vessels in skin travel with?

  1. What do deep lymphatic vessels travel with?
A
  1. Superficial veins
  2. Deep arteries
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17
Q

What do Lymphatic trunks do?

A

Drain large areas of the body

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18
Q

Give some examples of lymphatic trunks?

A

• paired lumbar
•bronchomediastinal
• subclavian + jugular trunks
• single intestinal trunk

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19
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Junction of RIGHT INTERNAL JUGULAR, RIGHT SUBCLAVIAN VEIN

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20
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain into?

A

Junction OF LEFT INTERNAL JUGULAR, LEFT SUBCLAVIAN VEINS

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21
Q

What is the Cisternae chyli?

A

Inferior part of thoracic duct

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22
Q

1.How is lymph transport different to cardiovascular system?
2. How does it have the same mechanism as veins?

A

1-
•Pumpless
•low pressure, slow moving

  1. •Milking action of muscles
    • breathing induced pressure change in thorax
    • use of valves
    •rhythmic contractions of smooth muscle in trunks and ducts
23
Q

What is lymphoid tissue and where is it found?

A

Loose Connective Tissue (Reticular)
In Lymphoid Organs EXCEPT THYMUS

24
Q

What do macrophages live on in temporary spaces?

A

Fibres and lymphocytes

25
Q

How is lymphoid tissue packaged?

A
  1. Diffuses in most body organs-mucous membranes, lymphoid organs
  2. Follicles/Nodules-
    - solid
    -tightly packed
    -sphere bodies with germinal centres (B CELLS)
26
Q

What do LYMPH NODES do?

A

•Filter lymph that clusters along lymphatic vessels
•Protective function via phagocytes
•Activate immune system

27
Q

What is formed when lymphatic vessels converge?

A

Trunks such as:
•Groin- inguinal
•arm pit- axiallary
•neck- cervical

28
Q
  1. What do bean shaped organs contain and
    2.what do they divide into?
  2. What do they provide?
  3. Name the two regions.
A
  1. Fibrous capsule that produce CT strands called TRABECULAE
  2. DIVIDE NODES into Compartments
  3. Provide STROMA SUPPORT for changing LYMPHATIC CELLS
  4. Medulla and cortex regiona
29
Q
  1. What does the CORTEX have?
  2. What wraps around follicles to separate them from transit T CELL rich interspaces? D C
  3. What circulates between blood, lymph and LNs for immune surveillance?
A
  1. DENSELY PACKED FOLLICLES with GERMINAL centres
  2. Dendritic Cells
  3. T Cells
30
Q

Describe the MEDULLA

A

Has cords inward extensions of the cortex that has lymphocytes and plasma cells

31
Q

Lymph nodes- SINUSES
1. How do they phagocytose foreign material?
2. What is activated when antigens leak into the surrounding R T?

A

1.Covered by reticular fibres with macrophages that enter the node.
2. Lymphocytes

32
Q
  1. Which type of tissue only filters lymph?
  2. Which side does lymph enter afferent lymphatic vessels?
  3. What does it move through and where does it reach?
A

1.lymphoid

  1. Convex
    • Moves via a SUB CAPSULAR SINUS into SMALLER SINUSES.
    • Passes through the cortex to the medulla
    • leaves through few efferent L vessels at hilus on the other side
    • causes L stagnation, increases access by macrophages and lymphocytes
    • has Togo through lots of nodes before being cleaned
33
Q

What is the SPLEEN

A

LARGEST LYMPHOID ORGAN

34
Q

Properties of the SPLEEN

A

Soft
Blood rich organ
Size of fist
Under the diaphragm on the left side of the abdomen

35
Q

Properties of the SPLEEN

A

Soft
Blood rich organ
Size of fist
Under diaphragm on left side of abdomen
Thin capsule with TRABECULAE
Has lymphocytes and macrophages

36
Q

Which ARTERY and VEIN supply blood to it?
Where do they come from? Which side? (Hint: concave)

A

Splenic A and saphenous V
HILUS

37
Q

What functions does the spleen carry out?

A

Immune surveillance
Cleans blood: removes old RBC/ platelets, bacteria, virus, foreign matter. Debris, toxins
Lymphoid proliferation
Stores red blood cells
Releases some into the liver
Platelets storage
Produces RBC in a FOETUS

38
Q

What are the two distinct areas?

A
  1. Lymphocytes areas on reticular fibres
    - white pulp, forms cuffs around central arteries

2.
- Red cell areas
- venous sinus
-splenic cords
- Red pulp
-dispose of effete red blood cells and pathogens

39
Q

What is the thymus and where is it located?

A

Bilobular organ
In lower neck

40
Q

What does it do? What does it secrete? What does it make?

A

Thymosin
Thymopentin
Makes T Lymphocytes immunocompetent

41
Q

What happens to its size?
When is it active?
When does it start to atrophy?
What is it replaced by and when?

A

1.Increases in size
2. is active in childhood
3. In adolescence
4. Fibrous fatty tissue in old age

42
Q

Describe the structure

A

Flowerets the thymic lobules with outer cortex and inner medulla

43
Q

What is LIGHT and DARK STAINING

A

DARK: CORTEX rapid division, DENSE PACKED LYMPHOCYTES and few MACROPHAGES

LIGHT: Medulla- few lymphocytes, has different shaped structures

44
Q

What is the function of HASSALs/ THYMIC CORPUSCLES:

A

Converts self- REACTIVE T lymphocytes into SUPPRESSIVE T lymphocytes

45
Q

TWO main ways the THYMUS is different to other ORGANS?

A
  1. -Only works in T cell MATURATION
    - doesn’t fight antigens DIRECTLY- blood thymus barrier to prevent premature activation of immature lymphocytes
  2. Stroma framework:
    - has a star shaped epithelial cells
    - helps lymphocytes by SECRETING STIMULATING HORMONES
    - Doesn’t have reticular cells
46
Q

What are TONSILS?
Where are they found?

A

simple lymphoid organ
Found as a ring tissue around entrance to throat
Part is encapsulated as swellings in mucosa

47
Q

What are some of the functions of the TONSILS?

A

Remove pathogens that enter inhales air or food

48
Q

Types of TONSILS and their LOCATION

A

Palatine are the largest on either side of the POSTERIOR end of ORAL CAVITY
Lingual: base of tongue
Pharyngeal: adenoids in posterior wall of nasopharynx
Tubal: surrounds opening of auditory tubes into pharynx

49
Q

What do TONSILS have that is diffused by scattered Lymphocytes?

A

Nodules with GERMINAL centres

50
Q

1.What covers the EXTERIOR SURFACE?
2.What does it do?
3.What is formed?

A
  1. Squamous epithelium
  2. Invaginates deep into the tonsil
  3. Makes blind ended crypts to trap BACTERIA,PARTICLES
51
Q

Where is BACTERIA KILLED?
WHAT IS PRODUCED?

A
  1. Lymphoid tissue
  2. Memory IMMUNE CELLS
52
Q

Aggregates of LYMPH NODULES
What is PEYERS PATCHES?
Where?

A

Large isolated clusters of nodules similar tonsils
Found in wall of ileum

53
Q

What happens when the APPENDIX and PEYERS PATCHES are in a good position?

A

Destroy bacteria in the gut
Make memory lymphocytes for long term immunity
Makes mucous associated lymph tissue for respiratory and digestive tract protection

Infection And Immunity (8 decks)

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