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Infection And Immunity > Non Specific Immunity > Flashcards

Non Specific Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the immune system?

A

Fight infections caused by pathogens such as:
Virus-flu
Bacteria- tetanus
Protozoa- malaria
Fungi- candidiasis/thrush
Helminths- tapeworms

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2
Q

What does innate(non specific) immunity do?

A

•Recognises molecules associated to pathogens
• present in some animals
• humans are born within
• FIRST LINE OF DEFENCE
• similar effective response when encounters similar pathogen

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3
Q

What is ADAPTIVE (SPECIFIC) immunity?

A

•specific for an antigen
•found in vertebrates
•Acquired by experience
• Memory- takes time to respond to pathogens when first exposed to it and needs a greater amplitude to respond

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4
Q

Which type of immunity is needed for the initial response to a pathogen?
INNATE or ADAPTIVE

A

INNATE

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5
Q

What does HAEMATOPOIESIS cells DO?

A

sustain blood cell through life
Can renew it self
Is MULTIPOTENT so it can make lots of lineages

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6
Q

How does NON SPECIFIC IMMUNITY?
What are some of the ways that protect from foreign substances in non specific way?

A

•Prevent entry into body
•Destroy foreign material after entry into the body by •INTERNAL NON SPECIFIC DEFENCE

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7
Q

Name some of the non specific defences?
Anti
NAT KILL cell/ Phago
INFL

A

• anti microbial proteins
• Natural killer cells/phagocytes
• Inflammation

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8
Q

What are ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS?

A

Interferons

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9
Q

How are ANTIMICROBIAL PROTEINS made?

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts get infected by viruses and make antimicrobial antibodies

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10
Q

What do they act as?
What do they tell neighbour cells to make?
What do antiviral proteins do? ( Hint: replication)

A

Act as chemical messengers
Tell neighbour cells to make antiviral proteins which interfere with viral replication

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11
Q

How many types of interferons are there?
Al
Be
Gam

A

3
Alpha, Beta, Gamma

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12
Q

1.What is a compliment protein (active or inactive)
2. What does it form
3. What happens when it’s activated?

A
  1. Protein found in a inactive state
  2. Found in blood plasma on plasma membranes
  3. Forms complement system and enhances inflammatory reactions when activated
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13
Q

What are transferrins? Iron Bind PROTEINS
What do they inhibit the growth of?
How?

A

Iron binding proteins
Inhibit growth of bacteria
Reduce available iron

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14
Q

What are NATURAL KILLER CELLS/ PHAGOCYTES?
Required for? Defense against?

A

Specialised granular lymphocytes
Defense against tumor, virally infected cells

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15
Q

Can they recognise pathogens straight away?
If not how do they detect it then?

A

No, they detect the affect of the pathogen on the host cell.
They detect lack of host proteins or induction of stress proteins

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16
Q
  1. What is the name of the antigens that attack abnormal cell membrane proteins? Histocompatibility

How do the NATURAL KILLER CELLs attack in this system?

A

Histocompatibility COMPLEX Antigens

Attack targets with the release of perforins or bind and inflict damage directly

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17
Q

What are phagocytes? Engluf
What are the 3 types?

A
  1. Engulfing cells
  2. Neutrophils, dendritic cells, macrophages
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18
Q

Describe neutrophils and what they do, where they are found.

A

Short lived
Found in blood
Migrate during inflammation
High phagocytic granulocyte make vast repertoire of antimicrobial factors

19
Q

Where are dendritic cells found and why are they phagocytic?

A

Found in most tissues and sentinel of immune system
Phagocytic for the crucial link between INNATE and ADAPTIVE immune response

20
Q

1.Where are macrophages found?
2. What are they HIGHLY of?
3. What two things do they direct? How? (Secrete what?)
4. Important dfor what?

A
  1. In most tissues
  2. Are highly phagocytic AND ANTIMICROBIAL
  3. Innate and ADAPTIVE immunity via SECRETION of CYTOKINES and antigen presentation
  4. Important for non anti inflammatory clearance of apoptotic cells
21
Q

What are the 5 phases of phagocytosis?
CHEMO
ADHERE
INGES
DIGES
KILL

A

Chemotaxis
Adherence
Ingestion
Digestion
Killing

22
Q

What is INFLAMMATION?

A

DEFENCE response to DAMAGE or INFECTION linked to symptoms like redness, pain, heat and swelling

23
Q

How does INFLAMMATION work?

A

Traps invading micro organisms
Allows area to be perfused with phagocytes and NK rich tissue fluids.

24
Q

Is the process SPECIFIC or NON SPECIFIC?

A

NON SPECIFIC because it follows the same path no matter what the source of damage is
Burns start the same type of inflammatory response like a cut.

25
Q

What are the 3 MAJOR phases?
1.VASO & INCREASE PERM OF BLOOD VESS
2.PHAGOCYTE MIGR
3. TISSUE REP

A
  1. Vasolidation and increase in permeability of blood vessels
  2. Phagocyte Migration
  3. Tissue Repair
26
Q

What 5 things aid in an Inflammatory Response?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Kinins
  3. Prostaglandins
  4. Leukotriens
  5. Complement
27
Q

How does Histamine work?

A
  1. Histamines are released by MAST CELLS in CT and BASOPHILS and PLATELETS in response to an injury.
  2. It attracts NEUTROPHILS and MACROPHAGES to the injury and INDUCES VASOLIDATION , INCREASED PERMEABILITY OF BLOOD VESSELS
28
Q

How do KININS work?

A
  1. Formed from INACTIVE PRECURSOR MOLECULES (KININOGENS)
  2. INDUCES VASOLIDATION, INCREASED VASOLIDATION OF BLOOD, PROMOTE CHEMOTAXIS BY PHAGOCYTES
29
Q

How do PROSTAGLANDINS WORK?
What are they released by.

A
  1. Are LIPIDS released by DAMAGED CELLS
  2. They intensify EFFECTS of HISTAMINE and KININS and MIGRATION of PHAGOCYTES Via CAPILLARY WALLS
30
Q

What do Leukotriens act as? (Guidance cue)
What do they increase (perm of blood + function)
What are they released by? (Mast + baso)

A

Guidance cue for phagocytes
Increases permeability of blood vessels and the function in the ADHERENCE of phagocytes to pathogens.

Released by MST CELLS and BASOPHILS

31
Q

What is a complement?
What does it consist a number of?

A

Consists a number of components linked with the release of:
- histamine
- attraction of neutrophils
-Promotion of phagocytosis
-Direct destruction of some bacteria

32
Q

What happens after and injury?
What happens to the arteries (dilated or decrease)
What does this result in (localisation of 3 things)

A

Arteries dilate and become MORE PERMEABLE
Results in localisation of increased temp, edema and erythema linked to the pain

33
Q

What is formed when blood clotting factors are released to the site of injury?

A

SCAB

34
Q

After an hour of migration what 2 things are attracted to the wound site?

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

35
Q

Where do they Migrate from?
What is the process called? (Diape)

A

Migrate from bloodstream into the tissue
Process is called diapedesis

36
Q

From the two neutrophils and monocytes, which is the first one to travel to the wound site?
What does it form after 1hr?
What happens to the phagocytes macrophages?

A

neutrophils go to the wound site first then monocyte
After 1hr it forms phagocytic macrophages- these die and form pus.

37
Q

What happens to pus after the infection is destroyed?

A

-Pus is continued to form until the infection is destroyed and then pus is drained or absorbed.

-If it doesn’t drain then it creates an abscess or inflamed spot.

-An ulcer is formed if the inflamed tissue sloughs away creating an open sore

38
Q

What is ULCERATION?
Who is it common in, example?
What are they called - static

A

Common in extremities of people with poor BLOOD CIRCULATION such as diabetics with atherosclerosis.

These types of ulcers are called STATIC ULCERS.

39
Q

What is FEVER?
Why does it happen?

A
  1. Body temperature increases due to inflammatory response.
  2. Happens due to bacterial toxins elevating the body temp via stimulation of CYTOKINES and INTERLUKIN-1.
40
Q

What does it result in ?
What can high temp enhance? Activity of:
Interferons, macrophage, inhibit bacteria cell rep, biochem, enzyme repair

A

Hypothalamic thermoregulatory set point elevation.
Enhances:
- interferon activity,
-activity of macrophages
-inhibits bacteria cell replication
- increase in biochem reactions
-increase in activity of enzyme linked with repair

41
Q

How do macrophages work?
Role in homeostasis
Tissue remodeling

A

-Ingest, process foreign material, dead cells and debris
- express lots of receptors on surface that detect signals not usually in normally tissues

42
Q

What are the different types of receptors?
- scavenger
-Toll- like
-Pattern

A

Scavenger- recognise apoptotic, necrotic cells, opsonised pathogens and cell debris
-Toll- like: Recognise pathogens
Pattern- Recognise non self or damage

43
Q

Macrophage types:
M1- Classically activated
M2- alternatively activated
Regulatory macrophages
Myeloid deprived suppressor cells/tumor associated macrophages (TAMs)

A

M1- DEFENCE against bacteria, protozoa, viruses, anti tumour activity

M2- anti inflammatory action, wound healing regulation

Regulatory macrophages- secrete lots of Interleukin-10

TAMs- suppress anti mour immunity

44
Q
  1. Which type of RECEPTORS produce NITRIC OXIDE and secrete IL-12 and TNF-a
  2. What do scavenger receptors CD 163, Mannose Receptors CD 206 produce?
A

1.CD80, CCR7, Fcg- receptors, CD 64, CD 32, CD16

  1. Produces arginase and secretes IL-10 and TGF-B

Infection And Immunity (8 decks)

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