Specific immune system

Question 1

What are type B lymphocytes?

Answer 1

Divide into plasma and memory cells.
Create humoral immunity
Made and matured in the bone marrow

Question 2

What are plasma cells?

Answer 2

PRIMARY RESPONSE. Antibody producing cells. Divide by mitosis to release antibodies to the antigen. Survive for a few days

Question 3

What is a memory cell?

Answer 3

SECONDARY RESPONSE. Lymphocytes which remain in the body after infection, crates immunological memory meaning it can react quickly to the next infection by this pathogen. Live longer than plasma cells.

Question 4

What are the 5 steps in humoral immunity?

Answer 4

1. Activated T helpers bind to B cell APC (clonal selection), B cell with correct antibody is chosen.

2.Interlukins produced by T helpers help activate B cells

3.Activated B cell divides by mitosis into plasma and B cells (clonal expansion)

4.Cloned plasma cells produce antibodies, attach to antigen and disable pathogen or act agglutins/opsonins. PRIMARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

5. Some cloned B cells become B mem cells, SECONDARY IMMUNE RESPONSE

Question 5

What is a type T lymphocyte?

Answer 5

Cell mediated(respond to own infected cells). Divide into memory cells. Made in the bone marrow but mature in thymus gland

Question 6

What are the steps in cell mediated immunity?

Answer 6

1. Macrophage engulf+digest pathogen, form APC’s

2.Some T helper receptors fit antigen, these become activated and produce interlukins. Stimulate T cells to divide by mitosis.

3. Cloned T cells either become T mem, stimulate development of T killers, produce interlukins that stimulate phagocytosis/stimulate B cells to divide

Question 7

What is a T-Killer cell?

Answer 7

Destroys infected cells by secreting perforins to make them burst. Allows WBCs to reach infection quicker

Question 8

What are T-Helper cells?

Answer 8

Cells that release cell signalling chemicals called cytokines, specifically interleukins.

Question 9

What are T-Suppressor cells?

Answer 9

Secrete cytokines which stop T and B cells once pathogen is eliminated, decreases and stops immune response

Prevent excess of uncontrolled immune system activity

Question 10

How does an autoimmune disease happen and what are some examples?

Answer 10

When the immune system stops recognising ‘self’ cells and starts to attack healthy body tissue.

Type 1 diabetes-effects insulin secreting cells

Rheumatoid arthritis-effects joints

Lupus-effects skin, joints and causes fatuige. Can attack any organ in body.