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Microbiology Unit 3 > Specific Host Defenses (Immune Response) BE #4 > Flashcards

Specific Host Defenses (Immune Response) BE #4 Flashcards

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1
Q

innate or adaptive?
nonspecific defenses
specific defenses

A

innate

adaptive

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2
Q

innate or adaptive?
nonspecific defenses
specific defenses

A

innate

adaptive

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3
Q

Two important characteristics of the immune system are its

A

specificity & memory

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4
Q

Name 2 impt functions of dendritic cells.

A
  1. phagocytosis

2. antigen presentation

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5
Q

Name the 2 classes of MHC markers and id. the cell(s) they can be found on.

A

Class 1 - all cells

Class 2 - antigen presenting cells (APC) - dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes

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6
Q

Name the 2 classes of MHC markers and id. the cell(s) they can be found on.

A

Class 1 - all cells

Class 2 - antigen presenting cells (APC) - dendritic cells, macrophages, B lymphocytes

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7
Q

Two important characteristics of the immune system are its

A

specificity & memory

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8
Q

What are MHC markers?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

“self” markers; they are among the surface proteins on your own body cells & usually ignored by your immune system.

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9
Q

Epitope

A

an antigentic determinant that is the part of the antigen that is recognized by the immune system.

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10
Q

paratope

A

part of the antibody that binds to the antigenic determinant (epitope).

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11
Q

antigen

A

foreign markers that trigger an immune response

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12
Q

A first-time encounter with an antigen elicits a _______ immune response.

A

primary

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13
Q

Antibodies are mainly produced by what type of leukocyte?

A

B lymphocytes

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14
Q

What kind of molecule is an antibody? (protein, carb, nucleotide, or lipid)

A

protein

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15
Q

If an antibody is monomeric, how many paratopes does it have?
If an antibody is pentameric, how many paratopes does it have?

A

monomeric - 2

pentameric - 10

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16
Q

What determines the shape of the antibody?

A

DNA (genes)

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17
Q

What makes antibody specific for a particular antigen?

A

its structure (shape); its paratope has to fit with the epitope on the antigen

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18
Q

How do B cells produce the millions of different antibodies required to detect the millions of possible antigens?

A

The antibody shuffle: All B cells have the same genes for coding the amino acids in the antibody, but each maturing B cell shuffles the genetic code into one of millions of possible combinations, so that the sequence of amino acids in the variable region then gets shuffled. B cells can give rise to virtually unlimited chain configurations.

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19
Q

Define antibody titer and explain the basic procedure for determination.

A

Antibody titer determines how much antibody is in the blood. The blood is diluted until negative test is reached. A patient gives a positive test at any dilution down to 1:16 (1 part serum to 15 parts solvent). If a few weeks later the same patient has a titer of 1:32, this would mean she was making more antibody since it took a greater dilution to abolish the positive test.

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20
Q

What does Ig stand for?

A

immunoglobulin

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21
Q

gamma globulin

A

serum fraction containing antibody when electrophoresed

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22
Q

antiserum

A

generic term for serum (contains antibody)

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23
Q

serology

A

study of antigen-antibody reactions

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24
Q

What is a primary immune response?

A

the immune system’s first time encounter with a specific pathogen.

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25
Q

What are the main targets of the antibody mediated immune response?

A

extracellular pathogens (bacteria & viruses)

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26
Q

What are the main targets of the cell mediated immune response?

A

intracellular pathogens (bacteria & viruses)

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27
Q

Name 2 functions of dendritic cells in the antibody-mediated immune response.

A
  • phagocytosis

- antigen presentation on their plasma membranes

28
Q

What does APC stand for? Name 3.

A

Antigen Presenting Cell

  1. dendritic cells
  2. macrophages
  3. B lymphocytes
29
Q

After phagocytosis, what is displayed on the surface of the dendritic cell?

A

Antigen-MHC marker complex (“wanted poster”)

30
Q

Why can’t a dendritic cell just display antigen on its surface?

A

The cell would be recognized as foreign and phagocytized!

31
Q

What induces the helper T cell to produce interleukin?

A

when the dendritic cell and Helper T cells bind, the dendritic cell’s interleukin stimulates the helper T cells to secrete its own interleukin.

32
Q

What’s the main function of the helper T-cells in the antibody-mediated immune response?

A

Produce interleukin to induce the activated B cells to divide.

33
Q

In the antibody-mediated response, helper T cells produce __________ which causes activated B cells to _______.

A

interleukin

divide

34
Q

Helper T cells display _______ on their surfaces. In the antibody mediated response, these structures bind to ______________ on the surfaces of activated __________ & ____________.

A

complex receptors
antigen-MHC marker complexes
dendritic & activated B cells

35
Q

virgin B cell

A

a B cell that has membrane-bound antibodies that have not ever bound to antigen

36
Q

What activates or sensitizes a virgin B cell?

A

antigen that binds to it

37
Q

Activated B cells will divide into 2 populations of cells.

A
  1. memory B cells

2. plasma cells

38
Q

What induces activated B cells to divide?

A

Helper T cell interleukin

39
Q

How are plasma cells different from activated B cells?

A

Activated B cells have antibody on plasma membrane.

Plasma cells secrete antibody.

40
Q

Memory B cells will later be involved in a _________ immune response, which is called ________.

A

secondary

anamnestic

41
Q

What are the 5 major functions of antibodies?

A

NIAAO

  1. neutralization
  2. immobilization
  3. agglutination
  4. activation of complement system
  5. opsonization
42
Q

Once antibody has activated thee complement system (classical pathway), what can complement do?

A 
COLA
chemotaxis
opsonization (act as opsonins)
lyse
activate inflammatory response
43
Q

How are antibodies and complex receptors different?

A

B-lymphocytes produce antibodies
Helper T cells produce complex receptors

Antibodies bind to antigen
Receptors bind to complexes

44
Q

IgG

A
  • monomer
  • largest class
  • only class that can cross placenta
  • all antitoxins belong in this group
  • predominates in secondary immune response
45
Q

IgA

A
  • found in body secretions
  • protects mucosal surfaces
  • found in colostrum; protects newborns GI tract
46
Q

IgM

A
  • M for macro = 5 Y’s / pentamer when plasma cell secretes it
  • in monomer form when found on surface of surface of virgin B cell & memory B cells
  • extremely effective in agglutination reactions
  • called “early antibody”
  • produced by memory B cells
47
Q

IgD

A
  • main type of antibody displayed on the surface of B cells

- found in blood, lymph

48
Q

IgE

A
  • fixed to the surface of basophils & mast cells
  • causes degranulation & release of histamine when the antibody binds to antigen
  • contributes to inflammation & allergic responses
49
Q

class switching

A
  • a particular plasma cell can switch classes of antibody produced, however, all these antibodies will still have the same par atop as the original activated B cell.
50
Q

What specific cell displays monomeric IgM

A

virgin B lymphocyte

51
Q

What specific cell displays monomeric IgM and IgD?

A

activated B lymphocyte

52
Q

What specific cell secretes pentameric IgM?

A

plasma cell

53
Q

Explain how a memory cell will function in a secondary response.

A

When a memory B cell encounters the same type of antigen that initiated the primary response, it divides at once. There’s no need to wait for helper T cells to stimulate division.

54
Q

What is the major lymphocyte int he cell-mediated response?

A

cytotoxic T cells

55
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells function?

A

T cell complex receptors bind to complexes on the surface of infected cells, then secrete perforins that punch holes in infected cells and cause them to lyse.

56
Q

Why would HIV affect both the antibody-mediated & cell-mediated immune response?

A

HIV attacks T cells which are involved in both antibody-mediated (helper T-cells) and cell mediated (cytotoxic T cells & helper T cells) responses.

57
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death; rids the body of unneeded cells

58
Q

active immunity

A

a product of a person’s own immune system

  • naturally acquired OR
  • artificially acquired (need stick)
59
Q

passive immunity

A

Antibodies produced elsewhere are given to a person

  • naturally acquired (antibodies transferred from mother to fetus (placenta) or mother to baby through breast milk
  • artificially acquired: Antibodies formed by an animal or human & administered to prevent or treat infection (Ig)
60
Q

A person suffering from tetanus is given tetanus immunoglobulin (antitoxin). Explain what a person is getting when they are given this treatment and why they are getting it.

A

They are being given antibody against toxin. The antibody will neutralized the toxin. It helps give a “boost” to their own immune response.

61
Q

What kinds of immune response is elicited by vaccination?

primary or secondary

A

primary

62
Q

After you are vaccinated you are infected by the bacteria you were vaccinated against. What kind of immune response occurs? (primary or secondary)

A

secondary

63
Q

What is apoptosis & why is it necessary?

A

it is programmed cell death. The body makes 100 million lymphocytes / day. They need to be gotten rid of.

64
Q

What does ADCC stand for?

Why is it necessary to kill helminths?

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Helminths are too large for phagocytosis.

65
Q

Classical ADCC is mediated by what type of white blood cell?

A

Natural Killer Cells

66
Q

What type of white blood cells can kill some helminths by ADCC?

A

eosinophils

Microbiology Unit 3 (7 decks)

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