Immunizations/Vaccinations (BE #5)

Question 1

attenuated vaccine

Answer 1

• contains weakened virus or bacteria
• pathogen divides/replicates in host
• provides strong & long-lasting immunity

Question 2

inactivated vaccines

Answer 2

• contains killed virus or bacteria

- pathogen unable to replicate/divide in host

Question 3

polysaccharide vaccine

Answer 3

• contains sugras from bacterial cell envelopes

- usually administered to adults b/c they have a better immune response

Question 4

conjugated vaccines

Answer 4

• capsule polysaccharide combined with protein to make them more powerful
• called protein conjugate proteins

Question 5

toxoids

Answer 5

• contains weakened exotoxin
• have been modified by hear or chemical agents to render them harmless
• stimulate the production of antibodies called ANTITOXINS
• require boosters
• DTP
• DTaP
• TD

Question 6

subunit vaccines

Answer 6

• include only antigens that best stimulate the immune system
• microorganism is broken up & antigens are isolated
• less chance of adverse allergic reactions

Question 7

subunit genetically engineered/recombinant

Answer 7

• only contains antigen
• code for foreign antigen is determined
• gene is inserted into a plasmid
• bacteria or yeast make the foreign antigen
• the antigen is then put into a vaccine

Question 8

DNA vaccines

Answer 8

• newest type of vaccine
• DNA injected into muscle results in production of antigenic protein coded in the DNA
• these antigens then stimulate an immune response in the host
• only experimental for humans at this point

Question 9

Toxoids stimulate the production of antibody called

Answer 9

antitoxins

Question 10

How hepatitis B vaccine originally made? Why was this a problem?

Answer 10

it was originally made from recovering viruses from serum of infected patients, which could have other diseases like AIDS. Now it’s genetically engineered so there’s no risk.

Question 11

What is the problem with the primary antigen in the Hib, Menactra & Prevnar vaccines? How do we fix it?

Answer 11

Primary antigen is a polysaccharide antigen. Not all systems, especially children with underdeveloped immune systems, respond well to.
We combine the polysaccharide with a protein, which makes it more powerful. The Hib vaccine was combined with diphtheria toxin (protein).

Question 12

Why would it be important that an AIDS patient not be exposed to a child that had just received OPV?

Answer 12

OPV is a live, weekend vaccine for polio. An AIDS patient is immunocompromised & if exposed, may get polio.

Question 13

What’s the advantage to using a genetically engineered or DNA vaccine?

Answer 13

There’s no risk of getting the disease.

Question 14

Advantage & disadvantage to using attenuated vaccines?

Answer 14

-the best type with strong, long-lasting immunity

• if immunocompromised, could come down with disease
• also, disease could mutate, so vaccine won’t help with new version
• since the pathogens are alive, they can invade cells, resulting in cell mediated immunity (memory cytotoxic T cells). If the pathogens are inactivated (“killed”), then immunity is mostly antibody mediated immunity (memory B cells).

Question 15

Advantage & disadvantage to using inactivated vaccines?

Answer 15

• ## not possible to revert to virulent strain; it’s dead
• can’t’ multiply so dose must have enough antigen to produce a protective immune response.
• usually requires a booster

Question 16

BCG

Answer 16

Bacillus of Calmette & Guerin

Question 17

Hib

Answer 17

Haemophilus influenza

- causes meningitis

Question 18

VZIG

Answer 18

Varicella Zoster Immunoglobulin

Question 19

TIG

Answer 19

Tetanus immunoglobulin

Question 20

BIG

Answer 20

Botulinum immunoglobulin

Question 21

RIG

Answer 21

Rabies immunoglobulin

Question 22

PCV13

Answer 22

Pneumococcal conjugate 13 vaccine

- includes 13 of the most common strains of bacteria

Question 23

PPS23

Answer 23

pneumococcal polysaccharide 23 vaccine

- include 23 of the most common strains of bacteria

Question 24

Why is BCG vaccine not commonly used in the US?

Answer 24

A person shoes a positive tuberculin skin test, which then requires an X-ray to rule out tuberculosis.

Question 25

Why are we no longer using OPV in most of the world, when OPV elicits a better immune response than IPV?

Answer 25

In most of the world, polio is no longer a threat. The risk of getting polio from OPV is higher than actually being exposed to & contracting the disease.

Question 26

Describe 3 cases when a person may be given passive immunization.

Answer 26

1. Traveling abroad and don’t have time for active vaccines to “kick in”
2. Treatment of a disease (ex. administration of antitoxin w/tetanus)
3. Prophylaxis - given to someone who is immunocompromised

Question 27

What is the advantage to passive immunization?

Answer 27

Results are immediate

Question 28

What is the disadvantage to passive immunization?

Answer 28

1. short lived

2. threat of serum sickness

Question 29

serum sickness

Answer 29

occurs when someone produces antibody against foreign antibody

Question 30

2 major types of cases when an active rabies vaccine would be administered.

Answer 30

1. post-exposure prophylaxis

2. pre-exposure prophylaxis - given ahead of time to people who have high risk

Question 31

What 2 types of immunizations would be given to a patient suspected of contracting rabies?

Answer 31

1. RabAvert- post exposure

2. RIG - rabies immunoglobulin

Question 32

Explain why the LYMErix vaccine is so unique among vaccines.

Answer 32

The antibody/antigen reaction actually occurs in the tick

Question 33

What is the difference between DTP and DTaP as far as the pertussis part of the vaccine? What are the advantages to using DTaP over DTP?

Answer 33

DTP uses the whole bacterial cell, while DTaP is acellular. aP is genetically engineered so causes fewer side effects & allergic reactions.

Question 34

What is the concern with administering vaccines from multidose vials to children?

Answer 34

Multidose vaccines contain thimerosal as a preservative, which contains mercury. Some people still think mercury is linked to autism.

Question 35

Explain how Dryvax vaccine works.

Answer 35

Small pox - virus Variola

The virus Vaccinia is used b/c immunity to it confers immunity to Variola.

Question 36

Explain Guillain Barre syndrome.

Answer 36

a disorder affecting theperipheral nervous system. Ascending paralysis, weakness beginning in the feet and hands and migrating towards the trunk, is the most typical symptom. It can cause life-threatening complications, in particular if therespiratory musclesare affected or if there isautonomic nervous systeminvolvement.

Question 37

Why is Guillain Barre associated with vaccines?

Answer 37

The disease is an autoimmune disease usually triggered by an infection (Campylobacter jejuni, Cytomegalovirus, Influenza virus), but an extremely small number occurred following influenza immunization in 1976.