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Biology 1108 > Species & Speciation Chapter 22 > Flashcards

Species & Speciation Chapter 22 Flashcards

1
Q

species are ____ from other species

A

reproductively isolated

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2
Q

species are a ___ gene pool

A

closed

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3
Q

what does the biological species concept say?

A

species are groups of interbreeding organisms that are reproductively separated from one another

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4
Q

why does reproductive compatibility mean more than just making babies?

A

because it also has to do with making babies who can also have babies

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5
Q

____ still counts as reproductive isolation

A

geographical separation

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6
Q

which is the better concept to use and why?

A

morphospecies because it holds that members of the same species look alike-also extended to similar DNA sequences

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7
Q

___ discredit the morphospecies concept

A

polymorphisms

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8
Q

some species meet ___ criteria and not ___

A

biological species concept; morphospecies concept

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9
Q

what are cryptic species?

A

organisms that people thought were 1 species but in reality are 2

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10
Q

what are some problems with the BSC?

A
  • doesn’t apply to asexual or extinct species

- ring species & hybridization complicate it

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11
Q

ring species

A

populations that are reproductively but not genetically isolated

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12
Q

how does ring species occur?

A

gene flow through intermediate populations

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13
Q

hybridization

A

interbreeding

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14
Q

why does hybridization complicate the BSC?

A

because these different forms should be considered one large species bc they are able to reproduce and produce fertile offspring but bc they maintain their distinct appearances, natural selection works against the hybrid offspring

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15
Q

what is the evolutionary species concept?

A

different species means having different nutritional needs

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16
Q

what is the phylogenetic species concept?

A

requires that all members of a species are descended from a single common ancestor. but it’s limited

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17
Q

why are the ESC and PSC used?

A

to broaden the BSC concept

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18
Q

what are pre-zygotic isolating factors?

A

prevent fertilization from taking place

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19
Q

what are post-zygotic isolating factors?

A

when fertilized egg develops into fertile organism

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20
Q

behavioral isolation is a type of

A

pre-zygotic factor

involves specific courtship rituals, songs, etc.

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21
Q

gametic isolation is a type of

A

pre-zygotic factor

2 different species can’t mate/cross because they’re incompatible

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22
Q

what is mechanical incompatibility?

A

pre-zygotic factor

repro parts don’t fit outside of species

23
Q

temporal isolation is a type of

A

pre-zygotic factor

plants/animals don’t come in contact with one another b/c reproduce @ different points in the year

24
Q

geographic/ecological isolation is a type of

A

pre-zygotic factor

2 species don’t mate b/c they’re not physically located near one another

25
Q

post-zygotic isolating factors usually involve

A

genetic incompatibility

26
Q

the more ___ a pair of species, the ____ the genetic incompatibility between their genomes

A

closely related; less extreme

27
Q

speciation is a by-product of

A

genetic divergence of separated populations

28
Q

genetic divergence

A

occurs over time & causes diff. populations to become reproductively isolated (results in speciation)

29
Q

partial reproductive isolation

A

happens when members of different populations aren’t separate species yet but enough that when crossed, their kids have decreased viability/fertility

30
Q

allopatric speciation

A

speciation that results from geographical separation of populations

31
Q

speciation not only requires __ but ___

A

separation; time

32
Q

subspecies

A

when pops haven’t yet achieved speciation, but have pop. specific traits

33
Q

how do populations become allopatric?

A

dispersal & vicariance

34
Q

dispersal

A

when orgs colonize distance place-away from main pop

35
Q

vicariance

A

geographic barrier comes about w/n a single pop which separates it into 2 or more isolated pops
-easier to study

36
Q

allopatric populations always

A

lead to speciation

37
Q

dispersal is a kind of __

A

peripatric speciation b/c orgs from mainland pop. disperse on purpose or get separated from mainland pop. by accident making their own “island population”

38
Q

why is change faster in peripatric speciation?

A

b/c island pops. are smaller & more susceptible to drift & b/c environment different so genetic divergence goes up & speciation occurs

39
Q

adaptive radiation

A

rapid evolution which accelerates speciation & adaptation

40
Q

how does adaptive radiation come about?

A

ecological opportunity & potential for allopatric speciation

41
Q

what is co-speciation?

A

speciation that occurs in response to speciation in another species

42
Q

separation can occur without

A

actual geographic barriers

43
Q

how did malaria come to infect humans?

A

plasmodium population with chimps could’ve been subject to co-speciation

44
Q

sympatric populations

A

those not geographically separated

  • may undergo speciation
  • natural selection can explain it
45
Q

why do split populations get more & more different?

A

mutations that eventually become fixed

46
Q

gene flow inhibits

A

genetic divergence

47
Q

we don’t know how much of speciation is ___ or ___

A

sympatric; allopatric

48
Q

instantaneous speciation

A

when speciation occurs quickly

  • is sympatric
  • caused by hybridization
49
Q

plants can form new species through

A

polyploidy

50
Q

what has been pivotal to the evolution of plants?

A

genome-doubling

51
Q

speciation can occur without

A

natural selection

-can be entirely due to genetic drift

52
Q

natural selection is involved in which kinds of speciation?

A

allopatric & sympatric

53
Q

natural selection can enhance

A

reproductive isolation

Biology 1108 (7 decks)

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