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Biology 1108 > Plant Structure and Function Chapter 29 > Flashcards

Plant Structure and Function Chapter 29 Flashcards

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1
Q

land plants are a __ group that includes __ and __

A

monophyletic; vascular plants; bryophytes

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2
Q

all land plants are descended from

A

green algae

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3
Q

two types of land plants

A

bryophytes; vascular plants

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4
Q

vascular plants can

A

pull water from the soil

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5
Q

bryophytes

A

cannot pull water from the soil
first plant groups to diverge
mosses, liverworts, hornworts
-need water to photosynthesize

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6
Q

more than 95% of plants today are

A

vascular plants

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7
Q

4 kinds of vascular plants

A

ferns and horsetails, angiosperms, gymnosperms, lycophytes

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8
Q

bryophytes exhibit

A

desiccation tolerance

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9
Q

which structures of a plant form the shoot?

A

leaves
stems
reproductive organs

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10
Q

what is the principal site of photosynthesis in vascular plants?

A

leaf

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11
Q

what are the leaf’s 3 major tissues top to bottom?

A

epidermis
mesophyll
veins

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12
Q

CO2 uptake results in

A

water loss

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13
Q

the leaf’s air spaces are connected to the air surrounding the leaf by __

A

pores in the epidermis

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14
Q

photosynthesis ___ the concentration of __ _molecules w/n the leaf’s air spaces relative to the concentration of ___ in the outside air, the difference in concentration between the inside and the outside of the leaf causes __ to ___ into the leaf which ___

A

lower; CO2; CO2; CO2; diffuse; replenishes the supply of CO2 for photosynthesis

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15
Q

rate of water vs CO2

A

water vapor diffuses out of a leaf at a much faster rate than CO2 diffuses inward

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16
Q

transpiration

A

the loss of water vapor from leaves

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17
Q

how can vascular plants sustain such high rates of water loss?

A

b/c they can access the soil

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18
Q

the __ restricts water loss from leaves but inhibits the uptake of CO2

A

cuticle

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19
Q

__ cells secrete a waxy cuticle

A

epidermal

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20
Q

stomata

A

small pores in epidermis that allow CO2 to diffuse in
can open and close
help to regulate water loss

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21
Q

each stoma consists of two

A

guard cells

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22
Q

an increases in solute concentration causes water to

A

flow into the cell by osmosis, so water molecule concentration decrease

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23
Q

stomata also respond to

A

light (opens)
high levels CO2 (closes)
signaling molecules

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24
Q

CAM plants use ___ to avoid water loss during the day

A

nocturnal CO2 storage

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25
Q

what is the storage form of CO2 and how is it created?

A

produced by enzyme PEP carboxylase
combines dissolved form of CO2 w/ 3 carbon compound called PEP
results in 4 carbon organic acid stored in cell’s vacuole

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26
Q

for CAM plants, when the sun comes up, what happens?

A

stomata close
4 carbon organic acids retrieved and transferred to chloroplasts
they are decarboxylated (their CO2 is released)
now incorporated into carbs by the calvin cycle
the 3 carbon PEP converted into starch & stored in chloroplast til sun goes down

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27
Q

by opening stomata only at night, CAM plants…

A

greatly increase the amount of CO2 gain per unit of water loss

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28
Q

what is the drawback of CAM?

A

carb production is slower

29
Q

C4 plants suppress photorespiration by

A

concentrating CO2 in bundle-sheath cells

30
Q

photorespiration

A

when O2 is the substrate on rubisco and there is a net energy loss and release of CO2

31
Q

why does temperature have a major effect on photorespiration?

A

because the selectivity of rubisco for CO2 over O2 is reduced as temperatures increase

32
Q

both CAM and C4 plants produce ___. However, …

A

4 carbon organic acids as the entry point for photosynthesis. in CAM plants, CO2 capture and the calvin cycle happen at different times; in C4 plants, they take place in different cells

33
Q

C4 plants capture __ in ____ cells by means of __. This produces 4 carbon organic acids that diffuse through __ into the ___.

A

CO2; mesophyll; PEP carboxylase; plasmodesmata; bundle sheath

34
Q

what is the significance of the C4 cycle?

A

much faster than calvin cycle bc of the very low catalytic rate of rubisco so this means CO2 concentration in the bundle sheath cells is super higch
THIS MAKES IT UNLIKELY THAT RUBISCO WILL TAKE O2 TO THE DANCE
C4 plants lose less water

35
Q

C4 plants have an advantage where?

A

sunny, hot environments

-tropical grasses, corn, sugarcane

36
Q

disadvantage of C4?

A

greater energy requirement than conventional C3 photosynthesis bc ATP must be used to regenerate PEP in the C4 cycle

37
Q

phloem

A

transports carbs from leaves to the rest of the body

38
Q

xylem

A

inner tissue

transports water from the roots to the leaves

39
Q

xylem provides a ___

A

low-resistance pathway for the movement of water

40
Q

walls of xylem conduits are __ and contain ___

A

thick; lignin

41
Q

how does water enter and exit xylem conduits?

A

through pits

42
Q

unicellular conduits are called

A

tracheids

43
Q

multicellular conduits are called

A

vessels (made up of vessel elements)

44
Q

water in xylem first enters through ___ and travels up through the ___ and then flow outward through other___ into an adjacent, ___

A

pits; conduit interior; pits; tracheid

45
Q

___ are the principal conduit in angiosperms

A

vessels

46
Q

water is pulled through xylem by an ____

A

evaporative pump

47
Q

how does the evaporative pump work?

A

stomata open, water evaporates from walls of cells
dehydration of cell walls creates force that pulls water toward sites of evaporation
force goes through xylem, beginning in leaf veins & then down through the stem and out through the roots to the soil

48
Q

water can be pulled through xylem because of the

A

strong hydrogen bonds that form between water molecules

49
Q

xylem transport is at risk of

A

conduit collapse and cavitation

50
Q

cavitation can occur by

A

an air bubble being pulled through a pit bc of lower pressure in water compared to air (happens during drought)
gases coming out of solution during freezing (angiosperms susceptible to this)

51
Q

how does the xylem protect against cavitation?

A

having many conduits in parallel

52
Q

phloem is capable of

A

moving carbs efficiently across the entire length of a plant

53
Q

phloem transports carbs from __ to __

A

sources (regions that produce or store carbs) to sinks (any part of the plant that needs carbs to fuel growth/respiration)

54
Q

3 parts of phloem

A

sieve element
companion cells
plasmodesmata

55
Q

water can travel from sieve tubes to

A

xylem

56
Q

in angiosperms, sugar transport occurs through __

A

sieve plates

57
Q

phloem not only transports carbs, but …

A

RNA, protein signals, hormones, nitrogen, ions

58
Q

how are carbs pushed through phloem?

A

by an osmotic pump

59
Q

how does the osmotic pump work w/ phloem?

A

the different in turgor pressure

high concentration in source, low in sinks

60
Q

a fraction of the carbs transported to the roots spills out into the ___

A

rhizosphere

61
Q

the ____ allows the root to control what solutes enter the xylem. how?

A

casparian strip

solutes pass thru plasma mem. via atp powered protein complexes that restrict certain compounds through endodermis

62
Q

xylem and phloem are located at the center of the root and are surrounded by the

A

endodermis

63
Q

why are plants harmed by flooding?

A

waterlogged soils slow down the diffusion of oxygen, which limits respiration

64
Q

when transpiration rates are high, the ___ helps to get nutrients to root

A

flow of water through the soil

65
Q

roots can release __ to make the environment around them more ___

A

protons; acidic

66
Q

___ are symbioses between roots & fungi that increase nutrient uptake

A

mycorrhizae

plant gives carbs, fungus gives nutrients

67
Q

endomycorhizae enhance ___ uptake

ectomycorrhizal enhance __ uptake

A

phosphorus; nitrogen

68
Q

what do bacteria do for plants?

A

since plants need nitrogen, the bacteria through nitrogen fixation take nitrogen and transform it into NH3 and put it into the soil so plants can use it to build proteins

69
Q

how do we preserve nitrogen in the soil?

A

crop rotation, specifically legume rotation

industrial fixation of nitrogen w/ fertilizer

Biology 1108 (7 decks)

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