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Biology 1108 > Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 27 > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 27 Flashcards

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1
Q

eukaryotes can change shape because of

A

flexibility in cytoskeleton

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2
Q

dynamic cytoskeleton allows for

A

endocytosis

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3
Q

in eukaryotic cells, energy metabolism is localized in

A

mitochondria/chloroplasts

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4
Q

eukaryotes are limited in how they get carbon and energy because

A

mito-aerobic respiration and photosynthesis

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5
Q

why is it a big deal that eukaryotes can engulf larger foodstuffs?

A

it increases their complexity between organisms

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6
Q

where does eukaryotic diversity come from?

A

being able to replicate multiple strands of DNA that not only code for proteins but also gene expression

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7
Q

why did unicellular eukaryotes do so well?

A

b/c they could remodel cell shape, regulate genes well, all which led to evolving complex life cycle & diff cell types

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8
Q

__ promotes genetic diversity in eukaryotes & gives rise to distinctive life cycle

A

sex

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9
Q

asexual organisms use __ to reproduce, but some organisms ____ until conditions improve

A

mitosis; fuse into diploid (zygote)

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10
Q

diatoms

A

exist as diploid
reproduce asexually
get smaller & then meiosis triggered to produce haploid gametes
most diverse stramenopiles
silica skeletons
account for 1/2 of photosynthesis in the sea

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11
Q

chloroplasts originated as

A

cyanobacteria

-was a form of endosymbiosis

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12
Q

chloroplasts have small genomes because

A

many transported to nucleus-nucleus could supply the chloroplasts’ requirements

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13
Q

mitochondria originated as

A

endosymbiotic bacteria: proteobacteria

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14
Q

mitochondria have small genome because

A

it migrated to the nucleus

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15
Q

hydrogenosomes and mitosomes originated as

A

mitochondria but deal with anaerobic environments

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16
Q

what are the 2 hypotheses for how the eukaryotic cell originated?

A
  • eukaryote resembles archaea b/c host for mito-producing endosymbiosis
  • euk cell entirely started as symbiotic association between proteobacterium & archaeon
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17
Q

protists

A

have nucleus but lack all else animals, plants & fungi have

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18
Q

algae

A

photosynthetic protists

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19
Q

protozoa

A

heterotrophic protists

20
Q

which is the most diverse eukaryotic superkingdom?

A

ours, opisthokonts

21
Q

opisthokonts

A

animals, fungi and some protists

  • flagellum movement
  • heterotrophic
  • animals most sophisticated
22
Q

which is most related to animals?

A

choanoflagellates

23
Q

microsporadia

A

single-celled opisthokonts that infect host

-closely related to fungi

24
Q

amoebas move by

A

pseudopodia

25
Q

most amoebas stay

A

in the soil to attack other microorganisms

-others attack people

26
Q

plasmodial slime molds

A

haploid cells fuse to form zygotes that keep doing mitosis but NOT cell division (coenocytic)

27
Q

coenocytic

A

have many nuclei within one giant cell

28
Q

starvation causes cellular slime molds to

A

aggregate into a slug–>sporangia–>disperse

29
Q

archaeplastids include ____

how old are they?

A

land plants

1200 my

30
Q

archaeplastids are the ___ most diverse

A

second after opisthokonts

31
Q

which organism contains the most ancestral cyanobacterial endosymbiont features than any other algae?

A

glaucocystophytes

32
Q

red algae

A

walls made of cellulose

their primary pigments are chlorophyll & biliproteins

33
Q

green algae

A

big features: chlorophyll a & b in chloroplasts that have 2 membranes and a unique attachment for flagella

34
Q

what are the two branches of green algae?

A

chlorophytes

-streptophytes

35
Q

streptophytes

A

more important for humans b/c diversified in fresh water and then made it to land
unicells–>cell clusters–>filaments on intermediate branches–>complex multicellular algae

36
Q

which 3 superkingdoms dominate eukaryotic diversity in the oceans?

A

stramenopiles, alveolates and rhizarians

37
Q

stramenopiles

A 
unicellular
kelps, algae, protozoa
free-living cells/parasites
2 flagellae
-most photosynthetic: brown algae & diatoms
38
Q

alveolata

A

photosynthetic and heterotrophic species
have small vesicles (cortical alveoli) store calcium ions
-also include protists called ciliates

39
Q

photosynthetic alveolates belong to

A

dinoflagellates

40
Q

red tide

A

when nutrients are supplied to coastal waters in large amounts (toxic)

41
Q

apicomplexans

A

group of alveolates that cause malaria

42
Q

how did photosynthesis spread through eukaryotes?

A

repeated endosymbioses involving eukaryotic algae

43
Q

eukaryotes appropriated ___ from cyanobacteria and spread it via ___

A

oxygenic photosynthesis; horizontal transfer

44
Q

how long have eukaryotes been around?

A

1800 mya

45
Q

why did more diversity come about in 800-700 mya?

A

more diversity because b/c protists evolved eating other protists as well as oxygen content of seawater increasing

46
Q

what happened around 252-266 mya?

A

most significant changes occurred among photosynthesizers

-new ones came about: dinoflagellates and cocclithophorid algae and diatoms

47
Q

list all 7 superkingdoms

A 
opisthokonts
amoebozoans
archaeplastids
stramenopiles
alveolates
rhizarians
excavates

Biology 1108 (7 decks)

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