Evolutionary Patterns Chapter 23 Flashcards

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1
Q

phylogenetic trees provide

A

hypotheses of evolutionary relationships

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2
Q

phylogenetics is the study of

A

evolutionary relationships among organisms & the classifications of organisms (taxonomy)

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3
Q

taxonomy allows for

A

hierarchical classification so we can effectively communicate info about features of each group

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4
Q

what lies at the heart of phylogenetics?

A

search for sister groups

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5
Q

the more recent a common ancestor, the __

A

more closely related the two groups are

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6
Q

a monophyletic group consists of

A

a common ancestor (not shared w/ any other species or group of species) & all its descendants

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7
Q

paraphyletic includes

A

some not all of the descendants of a common ancestor

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8
Q

polyphyletic

A

doesn’t include last common ancestor of all members

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9
Q

DKPCOFGS

A
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
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10
Q

how are phylogenetic trees made? on what basis?

A

comparing characteristics between organisms called character states

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11
Q

where do character states come from?

A
  • common ancestor

- evolved in the 2 groups as an adaptation

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12
Q

homologous characters

A

similar b/c descent from common ancestor

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13
Q

analogous characters

A

characteristics that evolved independent of the 2 groups

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14
Q

cladistics

A

making a phylogenetic tree based on shared derived characteristics

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15
Q

using molecular data is more reliable because

A

the rate of evolution is held constant

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16
Q

why are fossils important?

A

calibrate phylogenies in terms of time

17
Q

why does marine life have more fossils?

A

b/c more sedimentation

18
Q

what do we use to determine age of a sample?

A

carbon dating. carbon-14 half life

19
Q

we can understand the environment of fossils depending on

A

which kinds of rocks they are embedded in

20
Q

lack of oxygen was when?

A

3 bya

21
Q

pangea was when?

A

290 mya

22
Q

what has altered the course of evolution?

A

rare mass extinctions

23
Q

when was there a huge boom in animal diversity?

A

540 mya

24
Q

___ came before large human brain

A

walking upright