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EVOLUTION > Species Concepts (5) > Flashcards

Species Concepts (5) Flashcards

1
Q

Species (in general)?

A

= organisms that can reproduce naturally with each other & produce fertile offspring.

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2
Q

How do we distinguish species?/ What criteria should we use to distinguish species? (4)

A

• Morphology.
• Habitat (ecological niche).
• Ability to interbreed.
• Common ancestry/Relatedness (Genetics).

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3
Q

List the Species Concepts (SC)? (7)

A

• Morphological SC.
• Phenetic SC.
• Biological SC.
• Recognition SC.
• Ecological SC.
• Evolutionary SC.
• Phylogenetic SC.

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4
Q

Morphological SC?

A

= species is a group of organisms with similar morphological & anatomical characteristics, but are different from other species.

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5
Q

Eg of Morphological SC?

A

Genus Panthera (“predator of all”) has 4 species (tiger, lion, leopard, cheetah) which differ in pattern, size & skull anatomy.

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6
Q

What does the “most recent” Phenetic SC include?

A

Quantitative measurements.

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7
Q

What enables you to place individuals in any 1 species?

A

Diagnostic characters (data types).

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8
Q

Explain the 2 data types?

A

● Categorical
= grouped.

● Continuous
= data that can take on any value.

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9
Q

Pros of Morphological SC? (3)

A

• Applies to sexual & asexual organisms (including bacteria).
• Applies to fossils for macroevolutionary studies.
• Enables comparison of fossils & current species.

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10
Q

Cons/Problems of MSC? (4)

A

• Variation within a species.
• Cryptic species.
• Lack of morphological differences between species.
• Sexual dimorphism.

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11
Q

Biological SC?

A

= species are members of populations that actually or potentially interbreed in nature.

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12
Q

Eg of BSC? Explain.

A

Western & Eastern Meadowlarks

  • Look similar but don’t interbreed.
  • Have different mating songs.
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13
Q

Kinds of reproductive isolating mechanisms? (2)

A

• Premating/Prezygotic mechanisms.
• Postmating/Postzygotic mechanisms.

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14
Q

List the Premating/Prezygotic mechanisms? (5)

A

• Ecological/Habitat isolation.
• Seasonal/Temporal isolation.
• Sexual/Behavioral isolation.
• Mechanical isolation.
• Gametic isolation.

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15
Q

Gametic isolation?

A

= where there is molecular incompatibility of the sperm & egg.

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16
Q

Premating/Prezygotic mechanisms = …?

A

Gamete related.

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17
Q

List the Postmating/Postzygotic mechanisms? (3)

A

• Hybrid inviability.
• Hybrid sterility.
• Hybrid breakdown.

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18
Q

Hybrid inviability?

A

= wherr zygotes are less viable.

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19
Q

Hybrid breakdown?

A

= where the F2 hybrids are less viable.

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20
Q

Egs of Hybrid sterility? (2)

A

• Liger (Lion+Tiger).
• Mule (Donkey+Horse).

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21
Q

Cons/Problems of BSC? (5)

A

• “Potentially interbreeding” suggests separate species & is difficult to determine.
• Asexually reproducing organisms.
• Ring species.
• Chronospecies.
• Hybrids.

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22
Q

Egs of Asexually reproducing organisms as a problem of Biological SC? (2)

A

• Aspergillus fungi.
• Bacteria.

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23
Q

Ecological SC?

A

= species is a set of organisms exploiting the same ecological niche.

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24
Q

What controls the division of resources in Ecological SC? (2)

A

• Ecological processes.
• Evolutionary processes.

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25
Q

Type of selection associated with Ecological SC?

A

Disruptive selection.

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26
Q

Outcome of Disruptive selection in Ecological SC?

A

Species formation (speciation).

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27
Q

Why is Disruptive selection associated with Ecological SC?

A
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28
Q

Why should ecological processes produce discrete species?

A

Disruptive selection.

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29
Q

Egs of Ecological SC? (3)

A

• Larvae of maggot flies on Apple & Hawthorn.
• Nematodes (one in humans, other in pigs).
• Dwarf chameleons (one in Western Cape, other in Knysna).

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30
Q

Pros of Ecological SC? (2)

A

• Apply to hybrids.
• Applies to sexual & asexual organisms.

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31
Q

Cons/Problems of Ecological SC? (3)

A

• Can miss cryptic species.
• Niches tend to be assumed & difficult to fully define.
• Many taxa exploit overlapping resources, or can switch if a resource becomes scarce.

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32
Q

Eg of Pros of Ecological SC?

A

Dwarf chameleons.

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33
Q

Phylogenetic SC?

A

= species is the smallest set of organisms that share an ancestor and are different from other sets.

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34
Q

What is Phylogenetic SC based on?

A

Character data (morphology + genetics).

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35
Q

What does Phylogenetic SC comprise of?

A

Speciation events.

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36
Q

Monophyletic?

A

= group of organisms share exclusive common ancestors.

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37
Q

Do populations share unique derived traits that cause them to cluster together on the tips of a Phylogenetic tree?

A

It is rare as one needs a really,really good Phylogenetic tree.

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38
Q

Synapomorphy?

A

= shared derived characters.

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39
Q

Eg of Phylogenetic SC?

A

Asian & African elephants (divide further into African forest & savanna elephants).

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40
Q

Cons/Problems of Phylogenetic SC? (2)

A

• Leads to over-splitting as more and more characters are used.
• Hybridization.

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41
Q

Application of Phylogenetic SC?

A

Polar bears & Brown bears clade (with them not being distinct species).

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42
Q

Does it matter which SC we apply?

A

Yes.

43
Q

Why does it/Why does it not matter what SC we apply?

A

It matters because it determines the number of species present within a population.

44
Q

Egs of species? (3)

A

• Happy faced spiders.
• Monarch butterflies.
• Pheidole barbata (ants).

45
Q

Why are Happy faced spiders classified as one species even though they are so different?

A

They interbreed.

46
Q

Which Species Concepts are classified under Morphology? (2)

A

• Morphological SC.
• Phenetic SC.

47
Q

Which Species Concepts are classified under Interbreeding? (2)

A

• Biological SC.
• Recognition SC.

48
Q

Which Species Concept is classified under Ecological niche?

A

Ecological SC.

49
Q

Which Species Concepts are classified under Common ancestry/Relateness (Genetics)? (2)

A

• Evolutionary SC.
• Phylogenetic SC.

50
Q

Data types? (2)

A

• Categorical data.
• Continuous data.

51
Q

Egs of Variation within a species as a problem for MSC? (2)

A

• Happy faced spiders.
• Harlequin ladybird.

52
Q

Egs of Sexual dimorphism as a problem for MSC? (2)

A

• Mandarin ducks.
• Gorillas.

53
Q

Eg of Cryptic species as a problem for MSC?

A

Drosophila pseudoobscura & D. persimilis.

54
Q

Egs of Lack of morphological differences between species as a problem for MSC? (2)

A

• Willow warbler & chiff-chaff (sing different songs).
• Anopheles mosquitoes (differ in habitat).

55
Q

Cryptic species?

A

= morphologically identical species but not the same species.

56
Q

MSC attribute?

A

Discontinuous variation suggests different species.

57
Q

Phenetic SC?

A

= a SC that uses as many characters as possible, equally weighted to define a species and not only one or two diagnostic features.

58
Q

Phenetic SC attributes? (2)

A

• Recognises phenetic clusters by multivariate statistics.
• Updated numerical form of MSC.

59
Q

Aim of Phenetic SC?

A

Objective assessment of species limits.

60
Q

Differences between Morphological SC & Phenetic SC? (2)

A

● Morphological SC
• looks for 1 or 2 distinct characters.
• subjective assessment of species limits.

● Phenetic SC
• looks for as many characters as possible.
• objective assessment of species limits.

61
Q

Tools of Phenetic SC approach? (2)

A

• Cluster analysis.
• Ordinance.

62
Q

Cons/Problems of Phenetic SC? (3)

A

• Lacks a sound philosophical basis (forces you to make subjective & arbitrary decisions).
• Subjectivity.
• May get different patterns from different analyses.

63
Q

Ecological/Habitat isolation?

A

= where species live in different habitats.

64
Q

Eg of Ecological/Habitat isolation?

A

Gryllus pennsylvanicus & G. firmus.

65
Q

Seasonal/Temporal isolation?

A

= where species mate at different times/seasons of the year.

66
Q

Eg of Seasonal/Temporal isolation?

A
67
Q

Sexual/Behaviour isolation in animals?

A

= where species are isolated if they don’t recognize a specific ritual or song.

68
Q

Eg of Sexual/Behavioural isolation in animals?

A

Blue-footed booby males.

69
Q

Sexual/Behavioural isolation in plants?

A

= pollinator specificity.

70
Q

Eg of Sexual/Behavioural isolation in plants?

A

Monkey flowers

  • One species is bee pollinated.
  • Other species is hummingbird pollinated.
71
Q

Mechanical isolation?

A

= where no sperm is transferred.

72
Q

Eg of both Mechanical & Gametic isolation?

A

Purple & Red sea urchin.

73
Q

Eg of Hybrid inviability?

A
74
Q

Eg of Hybrid breakdown?

A
75
Q

Eg of Ring species as a problem of Biological SC?

A

Subspecies of Ensatina salamanders in California.

76
Q

Eg of Chronospecies as a problem of Biological SC?

A

Trilobites lineage.

77
Q

Egs of Hyrids as a problem of Biological SC? (2)

A

• Crows.
• Cattleya orchids.

78
Q

Recognition SC?

A

= species is a set of organisms that can recognize each other as potential mates.

79
Q

Recognition SC attributes? (2)

A

• Developed by Hugh Patterson.
• Species share a common fertilization system (SMRS).

80
Q

SMRS stands for?

A

Specific Mate Recognition System.

81
Q

Eg of Recognition SC?

A

Blue footed bobbies.

82
Q

Pros of Recognition SC? (2)

A

• SMRS can be observed, measured, identified to test hypotheses of species identities.
• More accurate representation of what courtship behaviour promotes recognition of mate.

83
Q

Eg of 1st Pro of Recognition SC?

A

Frog sonograms (Forest & Savanna).

84
Q

Eg of 2nd Pro of Recognition SC?

A

SMRS of Great Frigate birds (male inflates gular sac & song).

85
Q

Ecological niche?

A

=

86
Q

Ring species?

A

=

87
Q

Chronospecies?

A

=

88
Q

Possible egs of Phenetic SC? (2)

A

• Phenogram/Dendrogram of brown frogs.
• Phenogram/Dendrogram of Extinct & extant razorbirds.

89
Q

Phenogram/Dendrogram?

A

=

90
Q

Phenogram attributes? (2)

A

• Numbers are distance/euclidean distance.
• No inferences of evolution can be made using it.

91
Q

Evolutionary SC?

A

= a species is a lineage evolving separately from others & with its own evolutionary role and tendencies.

92
Q

Lineage?

A

= an ancestral descendant sequence of populations.

93
Q

How is Hybridization a problem for Phylogenetic SC?

A

Through phylogenies not being able to trace combinations of lineages even though they can trace lineages.

94
Q

Egs of Hybridization as a problem for Phylogenetic SC? (2)

A

• Wolves.
• Sunflowers.

95
Q

Over-splitting?

A

= recognition of too many species.

96
Q

In which populations can over-splitting impact hugely?

A

Fragmented populations with fixed DNA polymorphisms.

97
Q

Phylogenetic SC attributes? (3)

A

• Requires monophyly.
• Synapomorphies diagnose a group.
• Has fewer problems dealing with asexual organisms & geographically separated forms.

98
Q

Key word for Morphological SC?

A

Distinct & distinguishable anatomical & morphological features.

99
Q

Key word for Phenetic SC?

A

Distinct phenetic clusters.

100
Q

Key word for Biological SC?

A

Interbreeding natural population that are reproductively isolated.

101
Q

Key word for Recognition SC?

A

Share a common fertilization system (SMRS).

102
Q

Key word for Ecological SC?

A

Same ecological niche.

103
Q

Key word for Evolutionary SC?

A

Lineage evolving separately from all lineages.

104
Q

Key word for Phylogenetic SC?

A

Smallest biological entities that are diagnosable & monophyletic.

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