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EVOLUTION > Evolution (1) > Flashcards

Evolution (1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 evolutionary principles?

A
  • Natural selection.
  • Sexual selection.
  • Population genetics.
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2
Q

What are the evolutionary events? (2)

A

• Species.
• Speciation.

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3
Q

Evolution?

A

= descent with modification.

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4
Q

What do you mean by descent with modification?

A

Modification is seen in subsequent generations.

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5
Q

“Modification” in descent with modification?

A

= change in genetic material (allele/geneotype) due to mutations or genetic recombination.

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6
Q

Who/What evolves?

A

Populations.

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7
Q

“Descent” in descent with modification?

A

= subsequent generations.

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8
Q

How do we collect evidences of evolution? (2)

A

• Experimental data.
• Observational/Descriptive data.

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9
Q

How do we display evidences of evolution? (2)

A

• Cladograms.
• Character tables.

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10
Q

Who discovered this process called evolution? (2)

A

• Charles Darwin.
• Alfred Wallace.

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11
Q

Hypotheses that Darwin & Wallace presented? (2)

A

• Descent with modification.
• Natural selection.

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12
Q

Through what evolution principle do divergence & convergence happen?

A

Natural selection.

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13
Q

Convergence/convergent evolution?

A

= evolution where similar structures evolve independently across different groups.

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14
Q

Divergence/divergent evolution?

A

= evolution where groups diversify from a common ancestor.

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15
Q

Constituents of evolution/Fundamental questions in evolutionary biology? (2)

A

• Patterns.
• Processes.

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16
Q

Patterns of evolution?

A

= where evolutionary biologists often look at the history of life.

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17
Q

Questions asked under the history of life (patterns of evolution)? (3)

A

• What are the origins of life on Earth?
• What do we see in the evolution of traits in new species?
• Mass extinctions (of millions of species).

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18
Q

Processes of evolution?

A

= where evolutionary biologists often refer to the causes of evolution.

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19
Q

Questions under the causes of evolution (processes of evolution)? (3)

A

• What causes new species to arise?
• What are the causes behind trait changes through time?
• What are the causes of the differences in the rates of evolution?

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20
Q

Evolution over a short time scale attributes? (2)

A

• Short generation time.
• Time scale = hours, days, weeks.

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21
Q

Evolution over a long time scale attributes? (2)

A

• Long generation time.
• Time scale = years.

22
Q

Result of long-scale evolution/evolution over a long time scale?

A

Leads to diversification.

23
Q

Pokémon “evolution”?

A

= where Pokémon go through metamorphosis/a life cycle and don’t undergo evolution/don’t evolve.

24
Q

Why do you say Pokémon go through metamorphosis?

A

Because they do not develop over time but instead change form/change morphology.

25
Q

Contrast metamorphosis & evolution?

A

● Metamorphosis = transformation.

● Evolution = development.

26
Q

Evidences of common ancestors? (5)

A

• Embryological evidence.
• Homologous structures.
• Vestigial structures.
• Biogeography.
• Biomolecules.

27
Q

Cause of evolution?

A

Natural selection.

28
Q

How is … the cause of evolution?

A

Evolution across populations requires populations to have survived over time. Therefore, NS is a cause of evolution as it has enabled & continues to enable populations to evolve through ensuring that they survive environmental pressures by their traits having fitness elements & through the ability of those traits to be passed on from generation to generation.

29
Q

Evolution attributes? (3)

A

• Unifying theory in biology.
• Scientific fact explained by evolutionary theory (NS).
• Involves descent with modification.

30
Q

Evolution breakdown? (2)

A

• Evolvere = to unfold/unroll.
• Therefore, evolution = change over time.

31
Q

Evolutionary biology?

A

= multidisciplinary discipline which includes studies of behaviour, paleontology, etc.

32
Q

Evolutionary biologists? (2)

A

• Charles Darwin.
• Anusuya Chinsamy.

33
Q

Charles Darwin attributes? (3)

A

• First to provide evidence of evolution.
• Developed the Theory of natural selection.
• Collected & studied fossils and living specimens from all over the world.

34
Q

Changes that evolutionary biologists may investigate? (3)

A

• Changes in morphology.
• Changes in genetic diversity.
• Change over time scales.

35
Q

Long branchs of phylogenetic tree attributes? (2)

A

• “Slow” evolution.
• Evolution occurs over a long period of time.

36
Q

Short branchs of phylogenetic tree attributes? (2)

A

• Rapid evolution.
• Evolution occurs over a short period time (bursts of evolution).

37
Q

Eg of evolution over a short time scale?

A

Drug resistant bacteria.

38
Q

Theory?

A

= based on ideas that are supported by evidence collected & experiments conducted.

39
Q

Evidences for evolution? (2)

A

• Descent with modification.
• Natural selection.

40
Q

Egs of animal groups Darwin studied? (3)

A

• Darwin’s finches.
• Beetles.
• Barnacles.

41
Q

Where did life begin?

A

All life shares one common ancestor.

42
Q

Eg of embryological evidence?

A

Comparison of fish, reptile, bird & human embryos.

43
Q

Eg of biomolecules?

A

DNA humans share with chimpanzees & zebra fishes.

44
Q

Eg of Homologous structures?

A

Comparison of arm in birds, bats, horse, human, turtles & seal where birds & bats use wings for flight, while turtles & seals use limbs for swimming.

45
Q

Egs of Vestigial structures? (2)

A

• Extinct whale ankles.
• Coccyx in humans.

46
Q

Homologous structures?

A

= similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor, but the features serve completely different functions.

47
Q

Vestigial structures?

A

= structures that have no apparent function & appear to be residual parts from a past ancestor.

48
Q

Eg of biogeography?

A

Location of the fossils of giant armadillos (North America), giant pangolins (Africa) & giant anteater (South America).

49
Q

Egs of convergent evolution? (2)

A

• Aquatic organisms (Dolphin, Penguin, Ichthyosaur = similar body shape).

• Aerial organisms (Birds, Bats, Flying fish, Pterodactyls = wings for flight).

50
Q

What is convergent evolution a result of?

A

Similar selective pressures in unrelated groups.

51
Q

What is divergent a result of?

A

Different selective pressures in related groups.

52
Q

Eg of divergent evolution?

A

Comparison between the Viceroy butterfly & Monarch butterfly.

EVOLUTION (12 decks)

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