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EVOLUTION > Human Evolution (10) > Flashcards

Human Evolution (10) Flashcards

1
Q

Evolutionary trends?

A

= persistent, directional change in a character that results in significant change through time.

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2
Q

Primate lineage?

A

From Miocene until present day.

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3
Q

Hominoid?

A

= extinct & extant apes and humans.

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4
Q

Hominid?

A

= extinct & extant great apes and humans.

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5
Q

Hominin?

A

= extinct & extant humans (human lineage only).

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6
Q

Hominin lineage initially vs reality?

A

● Initially
= Linear model.

● Reality
= Bush model.

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7
Q

How do we know which taxa to include in the hominin lineage?

A

We use traits to identify & classify taxa as hominins.

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8
Q

Main traits that group hominins & exclude other great apes? (3)

A

• Bipedalism.
• Dentition (Canine reductio.
• Increased brain size.

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9
Q

Bipedalism forms? (3)

A

• Facultative.
• Habitual.
• Obligate.

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10
Q

Facultative bipedalism?

A

= assumed for particular action.

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11
Q

Habitual bipedalism?

A

= regular form of locomotion.

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12
Q

Obligate bipedalism?

A

= only form of locomotion.

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13
Q

Trait changes to allow for bipedalism? (6)

A

• Foramen magnum.
• Spine shape.
• Pelvis shape.
• Rib cage shape.
• Angled knee.
• Foot.

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14
Q

Canine reduction attributes? (3)

A

• Loss of canine honing.
• Enamel thinning.
• Diminished sexual dimorphism.

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15
Q

Results of canine reduction? (2)

A

• Enamel thinning.
• Diminished sexual dimorphism.

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16
Q

Diminished sexual dimorphism?

A

= no differences in female teeth & male teeth.

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17
Q

Increased brain size attributes? (3)

A

• Frontal lobe increases over time.
• Enabled cognition.
• Potentially facilitated tool use & other cognitive abilities.

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18
Q

Results of frontal lobe change? (2)

A

• Enabled cognition.
• Potent tool use & other cognitive function.

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19
Q

How do we compare these 3 traits across taxa?

A

Look for apomorphies, especially synapomorphies.

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20
Q

What can we use these comparisons across taxa for?

A

Used to find evolutionary trends.

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21
Q

Outline the hominin lineage? (3)

A

• Pre-Australopithecines.
• Australopithecines.
• Homo species.

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22
Q

List the Pre-Australopithecines? (3)

A

• Sahelanthropus tchadenis.
• Orrorin tugensis.
• Ardipithecus ramidus.

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23
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadenis year?

A

7Ma.

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24
Q

Sahelanthropus tchadenis attributes? (5)

A

• Bipedalism (facultative?).
• Reduced canines.
• Smaller chimpanzees.
• Thick molar enamel.
• Cranial size (380cm²).

25
Q

Orrorin tugensis year?

A

6Ma.

26
Q

Orrorin tugensis attributes? (5)

A

• Bipedalism (facultative?).
• Reduced canines.
• Ape-like
• Thick enamels.
• Kenya.

27
Q

Ardipithecus ramidus year?

A

4.4Ma.

28
Q

Ardipithecus ramidus attributes? (6)

A

• Bipedalism (facultative/obligate?).
• Arboreal.
• Opposable big toe.
• Pelvis broad?.
• Thin enamel.
• Little canine sexual dimorphism.

29
Q

List of Austalopithecines? (2)

A

• A. anamensis.
• A. afarensis.

30
Q

A. anamensis year?

A

4.2Ma - 3.9Ma.

31
Q

A. anamensis attributes? (8)

A

• Bipedalism (habitual?).
• No canine honing.
• Thick enamel.
• Large canine root size.
• Similar to extant apes.
• Kenya.
• Arboreal?
• Sexual dimorphism?

32
Q

A. afarensis year?

A

4Ma - 3Ma.

33
Q

A. afarensis attributes? (6)

A

• Bipedalism (habitual/obligate?).
• Forelimbs indicate access to arboreal resources.
• Smaller canines than apes.
• Sexual dimorphism similar to humans.
• Some honing mechanism.
• Ethiopa.

34
Q

List of Homo species? (5)

A

• H. ergaster.
• H. habilis.
• H. erectus.
• H. heidelbergensis.
• H. sapiens.

35
Q

H. ergaster year?

A

2Ma - 0.9Ma.

36
Q

H. ergaster attributes? (6)

A

• Obligate biped.
• Reduced jaw.
• Post canine reduced as brain size increases.
• Dietary changes.
• Increased sociability, group size & home range.
• East Africa (mandible) & SA (cranium).

37
Q

Variability selection hypothesis?

A

= hypothesis that explains changes in hominin traits & gives us an idea of the selection pressures that may have changed hominin traits (anatomy & morphology).

38
Q

Selection pressure on brain size?

A

Climate variability.

39
Q

Selection pressure on morphology?

A

Resource availability.

40
Q

Results of climate variability? (4)

A

Changes in resources/food.
|
Changes in diet.
|
Adaptations to dietary changes.
|
Changes in anatomy & morphology.

41
Q

Homo habilis?

A

First tool maker.

42
Q

Homo erectus year?

A

2Ma.

43
Q

Homo erectus attributes? (4)

A

• 1st hominin to migrate out of Africa.
• Large brain.
• Dexterous fingers.
• Long legs.

44
Q

Homo heidelbergensis?

A

= homo species that arose in time of fire control.

45
Q

Human-Chimpanzee divergence attributes? (2)

A

• Divergence occurred about 8-10mya.
• Supported by fossil & DNA evidence.

46
Q

Evolutionary trends of morphological traits? (6)

A

• Small to large brain size.
• Quadripedal to Bipedal.
• Canine reduction & enamel thinning.
• Arboreal to terrestrial.
• Change in spine attachment & dentition.
• Change in skull shape.

47
Q

What do we mean by change in spine attachment?

A

We mean change from back of spine (towards the back) to directly under the spine.

48
Q

How did pelvis change?

A

From narrow (apes) to wide (humans).

49
Q

How did the knee angle change?

A

From knees angle outwards (apes) to knees angle inwards (humans).

50
Q

How did the foot change?

A

From opposable thumbs on foot (apes/chimpanzees) to non-opposable thumbs on foot (humans).

51
Q

Differences between Pre-Australopithecines & Australopithecines? (2)

A

• Skull shapes.
• Bipedality.

52
Q

A. afarensis is AKA?

A

Lucy.

53
Q

H. ergaster is AKA?

A

Homo erectus in Africa.

54
Q

What accounts for dietary changes seen in H. ergaster?

A

New selective pressures on brain size.

55
Q

How do we about increased sociability, group size & home range observed in H. ergaster?

A

Fossils were found together.

56
Q

What kind of selection type trait is brain size?

A

A directional selection trait.

57
Q

Main differences/traits that distinguish Australopithecines from Homo species? (3)

A

• Brain size.
• Canine reduction.
• Bipedalism.

58
Q

Selection pressures on Homo species? (2)

A

• Climate variability.
• Resource availability.

EVOLUTION (12 decks)

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