species and taxonomy Flashcards

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

what is a species

A

a group of organisms with similar morphological, physiological and behavioural features which can interbreed to produce fertile offspring and are reproductively isolated form one and other eg donkey + horse = mule
mule = infertile

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3
Q

why is it difficult to test whether an organism is able to produce fertile offspring

A

-2 specimens under review are often fossil specimens
-two test may be of the same sex
-may be sexually immature or not in season
-may not breed successfully incaptivity
-may not co-operate

so often rely on morpho and physio aspects

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4
Q

what is speciation

A

process in which a new species evolve form existing ones

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5
Q

what do all organisms in species share

A

a common gene pool- so can interbreed successfully
also have to be isolated reproductively eg geographical

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6
Q

what is adaptive radiation

A

when organisms in different environments experience different selective pressures
-so mutation takes place and natural selection takes place to ensure that the adaptations are best suited to the environment
-pop become adapted to own eniviro so become so different that they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring

eg darwin and finches
separated by islands nut all have similar internal anatomy but have different feeding habits and beak size
-adapted to enviro

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7
Q

what is genetic drift

A

seen in small pop
-limited no. of alleles so limited genetic diversity
-one allele more favourable so passed on and the other alleles are lost
-or new favorable mutations arise and quickly affect whole pop so disadvantageous alleles are lost
-effects of mutations are diluted by greater genetic diversity in pop

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8
Q

give the two types of speciation

A

allopatric
sympatric

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9
Q

what is allopatric speciation

A

reproductive isolation that relies on geographical isolation

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10
Q

what is sympatric speciation

A

does not involve geographical isolation but some other cause of reproductive isolation eg genetic

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11
Q

how does allopatric work

A

-two pop become geographically isolated as a result of land movements, rivers or mountains etc
-two pop now occupy diff habitats so will have diff selective pressures
-in each pop variation du to mutation will cause best adapted organisms to have selective advantage
-these survive, reproduce and pass on their alleles
-achieve differential reproductive success
-overtime pops become so different they can no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring

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12
Q

what 2 types of sympatric speciation are there

A

pre-zygotic - mechanisms stop the gametes actually meeting and forming a zygote
post-zygotic- a zygote is formed but either does not develop or the offspring firmed is sterile and is unable to reproduce

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13
Q

what are the 5 types of pre-zygotic sympatric speciation is there

A

-temporal isolation
-ecological ‘’
-behavioural ‘’
-mechanical ‘’
-gamete incompatibility

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14
Q

what is temporal isolation

A

when two pop breed at different times of the year so they cannot interbreed

eg wild grass Agrostis tenius
-grass sensitive to high levels of copper + mine waste
-mutation cause resistant allele to develop
-so some wild grass can grow in high cooper levels and less growth in pasteurised land
-allele causes growth effects and resistant grass grows and flowers quicker than non-resistant
-so cannot interbreed as non-resistant is not able to be pollinated
-so just pollinate themselves

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15
Q

what is ecological isolation

A

organisms live in the same habitat but use the space differently and thus never come into contact

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16
Q

what is behavioural isolation

A

organisms that have mating behaviours eg dancing or displays
a mutation may lead to a change in colour and pattern etc
so organisms do not recognise each other so do not interbreed

17
Q

what is mechanical isolation

A

organisms are so anatomically different that they cannot physically mate

18
Q

what is gamete incompatability

A

a change in the gamete which results in them not being able to undergo fertilisation
-chemically different
eg sperm enzymes are specific to egg coating and if changed they cannot break down egg coat so no fertilisation

19
Q

what are the 3 types of post-zygotic mechanism

A

zygote non-viable
hybrid isolation
hybrid breakdown

20
Q

what is zygote non-viable

A

zygote is formed but does not develop any further

21
Q

what is hybrid isolation

A

organisms do successfully interbreed but offspring is infertile so cannot breed down generations eg horse + donkey = mule and mules are infertile

due to homologous pairs not appearing so can not undergo meiosis so no gametes

22
Q

what is hybrid breakdown

A

zygote develops and the hybrid offspring is fertile for a few generations but after that subsequent generation it becomes infertile